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本经目录经文义注复注

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经文

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一、根本法门品

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二、狮子吼品

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三、譬喻品

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四、大双品

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五、小双品

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义注

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序论

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一、根本法门品

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二、狮子吼品

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三、譬喻品

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四、大双品

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五、小双品

PTS 1.1缅 1.1已对照篇首

序论

[他]心因悲而清凉,以慧灯破除了痴暗;

[他是]含人与天之世间的尊重者——我礼敬已解脱诸趣的善逝(sugata)。

佛陀也是既修习了[那法]、又现证了[它],

才趣得[佛的境界]的——我礼敬那离垢的、无上的法。

善逝的诸胸生之子,[他们]是破魔军者——

那八[辈]之聚,我以头礼敬[之],[即]圣僧团。

如是,由我这心意净信者[所作]的、由礼敬三宝所成的那份福——

愿以它的威力,[令我]成为障碍善除者,

[而]以中等篇幅之经所标记的、于此[教法]中殊胜的《中部》(majjhimāgama)——

[即]为佛与随佛觉者所赞述的、能破斥他论的[那部阿含]——

为显明[其]义,最初由诸得自在者(vasī)之百——

[即]五百[位]——所结集、后来也[于第二、第三次结集中]被随结集的那部义注,

由得自在者马哈玛欣德(Mahāmahinda)带到了师子洲(Sīhaḷadīpa),

为诸洲住民的利益,以师子洲语(sīhaḷabhāsā)安立了下来。

我从那[义注]中除去师子洲语,[而将它]升入悦意之语(manoramā bhāsā)——

[升入那]契合圣典(tanti)之法则、离于过失的[语];

[并]不违背诸长老的宗义(samaya)——[他们]是长老世系的明灯、

抉择极为精微、住于大寺(Mahāvihāra)者;

舍去一再重来之义,我将显明[其]义,

为令善人欢喜,并为令法久住。

戒论、头陀法(dhutadhamma),以及一切业处,

连同性行(cariyā)之分判,[以及]禅与等至的广说;

以及一切神通(abhiññā),还有慧的合计与抉择;

蕴、界、处、根,以及那四圣[谛]——

[即诸]谛,[与]缘之行相(paccayākāra)的教说,[其]理趣极清净而精微;

不离圣典之道,以及毗婆舍那(vipassanā)的修习——

然而这一切,由于已由我在《清净道论》(Visuddhimagga)中极为清净地

说过了,所以在此[义注中]不再多加论究它。

「此《清净道论》,正处于四阿含之中央,

[它]将住[于其中]而显明那里如所说之义。」

[《清净道论》]正是这样造成的,所以你们应把它也取来,连同这部

义注[《妄衍破斥》(Papañcasūdanī)]一起,了知中部结集之义。

Ganthārambhakathā
Karuṇāsītalahadayaṃ, paññāpajjotavihatamohatamaṃ;
Sanarāmaralokagaruṃ, vande sugataṃ gativimuttaṃ.
Buddhopi buddhabhāvaṃ, bhāvetvā ceva sacchikatvā ca;
Yaṃ upagato gatamalaṃ, vande tamanuttaraṃ dhammaṃ.
Sugatassa orasānaṃ, puttānaṃ mārasenamathanānaṃ;
Aṭṭhannampi samūhaṃ, sirasā vande ariyasaṅghaṃ.
Iti me pasannamatino, ratanattayavandanāmayaṃ puññaṃ;
Yaṃ suvihatantarāyo, hutvā tassānubhāvena.
Majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassa idha majjhimāgamavarassa;
Buddhānubuddhasaṃvaṇṇitassa paravādamathanassa.
Atthappakāsanatthaṃ, aṭṭhakathā ādito vasisatehi;
Pañcahi yā saṅgītā, anusaṅgītā ca pacchāpi.
Sīhaḷadīpaṃ pana ābhatātha vasinā mahāmahindena;
Ṭhapitā sīhaḷabhāsāya, dīpavāsīnamatthāya.
Apanetvāna tatohaṃ, sīhaḷabhāsaṃ manoramaṃ bhāsaṃ;
Tantinayānucchavikaṃ, āropento vigatadosaṃ.
Samayaṃ avilomento, therānaṃ theravaṃsadīpānaṃ;
Sunipuṇavinicchayānaṃ, mahāvihāre nivāsīnaṃ.
Hitvā punappunāgatamatthaṃ, atthaṃ pakāsayissāmi;
Sujanassa ca tuṭṭhatthaṃ, ciraṭṭhitatthañca dhammassa.
Sīlakathā dhutadhammā, kammaṭṭhānāni ceva sabbāni;
Cariyāvidhānasahito, jhānasamāpattivitthāro.
Sabbā ca abhiññāyo, paññāsaṅkalananicchayo ceva;
Khandhādhātāyatanindriyāni ariyāni ceva cattāri.
Saccāni paccayākāradesanā suparisuddhanipuṇanayā;
Avimuttatantimaggā, vipassanābhāvanā ceva.
Iti pana sabbaṃ yasmā, visuddhimagge mayā suparisuddhaṃ;
Vuttaṃ tasmā bhiyyo, na taṃ idha vicārayissāmi.
‘‘Majjhe visuddhimaggo, esa catunnampi āgamānañhi;
Ṭhatvā pakāsayissati, tattha yathābhāsitamatthaṃ’’.
Icceva kato tasmā, tampi gahetvāna saddhimetāya;
Aṭṭhakathāya vijānatha, majjhimasaṅgītiyā atthanti.
1缅 1.3已对照

因缘论

一、此中,所谓「中部结集(majjhimasaṅgīti)」者:就五十[经篇]而言,[它]是《根本五十经》(Mūlapaṇṇāsā)、《中分五十经》(Majjhimapaṇṇāsā)、《后分五十经》(Uparipaṇṇāsā)三个五十[经篇]的合集。就品而言,是于每一个五十[经篇]各作五品、[成]十五品的会合。就经而言,[有]一百五十[部]经,又二部经[,共一百五十二部]。就句而言,[有]超出五百二十三[句]的八万句[,即八万零五百二十三句]。因此古师们说——

「八万句,又五百;

更说二十三——句便如是安立。」

就字母而言,[有]七十万字母、四万[字母]与五十三字母[,共七十四万零五十三]。就诵分(bhāṇavāra)而言,[有]八十诵分,与超出二十三句的半诵分。就连贯(anusandhi)而言,就略[说]而有问连贯、意乐连贯、随顺连贯三种连贯;而此中就广[说]而言,[则]有三千九百个连贯。因此古师们说——

「三千连结(sandhi),又九百;

这些连贯之法,[已]为《中部》所宣示。」

此中,于诸五十[经篇]中,《根本五十经》为首;于诸品中,《根本法门品》[为首];于诸经中,《根本法门经》[为首]。而那[经]也是以尊者阿难在第一次大结集时所说的「如是我闻」等[语]为首的因缘(nidāna)。而这第一次大结集,已在《吉祥悦意》(Sumaṅgalavilāsinī)即《长部义注》的开头详说了。所以它应当依那里所详说的方式来了知。

Nidānakathā
1. Tattha majjhimasaṅgīti nāma paṇṇāsato mūlapaṇṇāsā majjhimapaṇṇāsā uparipaṇṇāsāti paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahā. Vaggato ekekāya paṇṇāsāya pañca pañca vagge katvā pannarasavaggasamāyogā. Suttato diyaḍḍhasuttasataṃ dve ca suttantā. Padato tevīsuttarapañcasatādhikāni asītipadasahassāni. Tenāhu porāṇā –
‘‘Asītipadasahassāni, bhiyyo pañcasatāni ca;
Puna tevīsati vuttā, padamevaṃ vavatthita’’nti.
Akkharato satta akkharasatasahassāni cattālīsañca sahassāni tepaññāsañca akkharāni. Bhāṇavārato asīti bhāṇavārā tevīsapadādhiko ca upaḍḍhabhāṇavāro. Anusandhito pucchānusandhi-ajjhāsayānusandhi-yathānusandhivasena saṅkhepato tividho anusandhi. Vitthārato panettha tīṇi anusandhisahassāni nava ca satāni honti. Tenāhu porāṇā –
‘‘Tīṇi sandhisahassāni, tathā navasatāni ca;
Anusandhinayā ete, majjhimassa pakāsitā’’ti.
Tattha paṇṇāsāsu mūlapaṇṇāsā ādi, vaggesu mūlapariyāyavaggo, suttesu mūlapariyāyasuttaṃ. Tassāpi ‘‘evaṃ me suta’’ntiādikaṃ āyasmatā ānandena paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikāle vuttaṃ nidānamādi. Sā panesā paṭhamamahāsaṅgīti sumaṅgalavilāsiniyā dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathāya ādimhi vitthāritā. Tasmā sā tattha vitthāritanayeneva veditabbā.
1. Mūlapariyāyavaggo
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复注

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序论的解释

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一、根本法门品

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二、狮子吼品

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三、譬喻品

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四、大双品

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五、小双品

1缅 1.1已对照

序论释义

一、于释义之初[所作]的三宝礼敬,是为了告知所应释义之法的出处所依之清净;而那[告知],是为了令诸有识者于法之诸释义生起敬重;而那[敬重],是为了以彼等依受持、忆持等次第所应获得的正行道,正正当当地成办一切利益与安乐。 或者,由于是吉祥,由于是于一切作业中的先行之事,由于是诸智者所共行的,又由于将来使他人随所见而行——[故]于释义中[有]三宝敬礼之作业。 或者,作三宝敬礼是为了生起「供养应供养者」这一殊胜之福。而那[福]是为了给自己那以如所得的成就为因相的业添加力量,并且是为了使它中途不退缩;那两者[则]是为了义注无有障碍地完成。 而正是这一目的为阿阇梨于此处所意指。正因如此,[他]将说「如是,由我这心意净信者[所作]的……乃至……以它的威力」。 由对三事的供养,以无上福田之善成就,[所成]是威力不可计量的殊胜之福;故纵在障碍多种的世间聚居中,[它]也能摧毁那系缚障碍的一切杂染,并遮止怖畏等灾祸。如所说——

「对应供养者作供养,无论[是]对佛陀或[对]诸弟子」等(《法句》195;《譬喻》1.10.1);同样——

「诸比丘,凡对佛有净信者,即是对最上者有净信;而对最上者有净信者,[其]异熟是最上的」等(《如是语》90、91);

「凡称说『佛陀』者, 身中所生的那喜——

那喜确实更为殊胜, 胜过整个阎浮提(Jambudīpa)。

凡称说『法』者……乃至…… 胜过整个阎浮提;

凡称说『僧』者……乃至…… 胜过整个阎浮提。」(《如是语义注》90)

同样——

「摩诃男(Mahānāma),当圣弟子随念如来之时,他于那时心不为贪所缠缚,不为瞋……乃至……心不为痴所缠缚」等(《增支部》6.10;11.11);

「[无论]在林中、树下……乃至……

或是怖畏,或是惊愕,

或是毛竖——[这些]都将不生。」(《相应部》2.249)

此中,为显示他所欲礼敬的那三事具有殊胜功德,[阿阇梨]以「[他]心因悲而清凉」等语说了三首偈。因为由具殊胜功德而有应受礼敬之性,而对应受礼敬者所作的礼敬能成办如所意指的目的。 此中,他所欲释义的那一教说,既不像律的教说那样以悲为主,也不像阿毗达摩的教说那样以慧为主,而是以悲与慧为主;因此,为先作那以此二者为主的、对正等正觉者的赞叹——[因为]其余诸宝以他为根本——[故]说了「[他]心因悲而清凉」等语。 此中,「散除(kirati)」故为「悲(karuṇā)」,义即驱散、除去他人之苦。或者,「伤害(kiṇāti)」故为「悲」,义即他人有苦时,[它]损伤、恼害有悲者。或者,他人有苦时,[它]使诸善人震动、令心忧戚,故为「悲」。或者,「kam」即乐,[它]遮止那[乐],故为「悲」——因为它以欲除他人之苦为相,由不顾自乐而遮止、障碍有悲者的乐,此是其义。 因悲而清凉,[故为]「因悲而清凉」;他的心因悲而清凉,故为「心因悲而清凉者」;[礼敬]那位「心因悲而清凉」者。

此中,虽然慈与喜也因其以为他人带来利益、不欲其乐等衰减为自性,又因是瞋恨与不乐的正对治,[从而]以断除他众生相续中之热恼的行相而转起,故也可得「令心清凉之因」[这一性质];然而唯有悲——它以除他人之苦的行相而转起,以不堪他人之受苦为味,[即]是不害——才特别地如心轻安一般,是世尊之心清凉之性的因相;[故]说了「[他]心因悲而清凉」。 或者应知:以悲为门,慈与喜的「令心清凉之因」性也[一并]被说到了。 或者,那作为不共殊胜智之所系的、且如一切知智(sabbaññutaññāṇa)一般以遍布自境而极为殊胜、又无有余剩地趣得大悲之性的悲,才是世尊心清凉之性的殊胜之因;[故阿阇梨]说「[他]心因悲而清凉」。 或者,纵然慈与喜也系属于殊胜的心清凉之性,然而由于[悲]是一切佛德殊胜之因,也是那[慈喜二者]之因,故唯悲被说为世尊的「令心清凉之因」。因为一切佛德皆以悲为因缘。 因为世尊由悲的威力而令轮回之苦的热恼息灭;他由欲除他人之苦,纵经多阿僧祇(asaṅkhyeyya)劫也毫无疲厌之相,乐于无余地积集诸佛所作之法,并已证得法增上性;故纵然那些由众生与诸行所带来的、能令心热恼的因相就在近前,他心清凉之性也不曾有丝毫的变异。 而于这一义之分别中,应知世尊在三种阶位中的悲都已被摄取。

「了知(pajānāti)」故为「慧(paññā)」,义即依诸行相如实通达。慧本身由断除所知障、以依诸行相照明诸法自性之义[而]为「灯(pajjota)」,[故为]「慧灯(paññāpajjota)」。由连同习气(vāsanā)而断,[故]特别地被击破、被根除,[即]「被破除」;由慧灯而被破除,[故为]「为慧灯所破除」。 由它而[人]痴迷,或者它自己痴迷,或者它唯是痴迷[之状],故为「痴(moha)」,[即]无明;又正是它,由于覆蔽境之自性、与黑暗相似,故如暗一般,[故]为「暗(tamo)」;他的痴暗为慧灯所破除,故为「痴暗为慧灯所破除者」;[礼敬]那位「以慧灯破除了痴暗」者。 因为虽然一切漏尽者的无明之暗都已为慧灯所破除,然而正如见至者(diṭṭhippatta)之于信解脱者(saddhāvimutta),正等正觉者之断烦恼由于是连同习气而断,比诸弟子与诸独觉佛[之断]有殊胜之处;故[阿阇梨]为以殊胜的断无明赞叹世尊而说「以慧灯破除了痴暗」。

或者,由于不藉他人之教导而于自己的相续中令无明之暗毕竟离去,又由于已证得一切知性与于诸力的自在之性,并且由于以殊胜说法之威力而于他人的相续中正正当当地令那[离暗]转起,[故]唯世尊应特别以痴暗之离去而受赞叹——[故阿阇梨]说「以慧灯破除了痴暗」。 而于这一义之分别中,应知以「慧灯」一句,世尊的通达慧与说法慧一样,都依总说、或依「余一(ekasesa)」之法而被摄取。

或者,由于世尊之智以所知为边际,[故]以那能觉了一切所知法自性的、称为无障碍智(anāvaraṇañāṇa)的慧灯,覆蔽一切所知法自性的痴暗已被摧破;[阿阇梨]以「世尊的痴暗之坏灭是不共他者的」[这一意思]而说了「以慧灯破除了痴暗」。 而此中应知:由于无障碍智是在痴暗被摧破之后所证得的,[故]依因之假说,[它]于自相续中[被说为]「痴暗的摧破」。 因为由发愿(abhinīhāra)的成就,诸烦恼的「连同习气而断」本身即是所知障的断除;而于他人的相续中,由于[它]是痴暗摧破之因,[故]无障碍智[也]被说为「痴暗的摧破」。

[设难:]那么是什么缘故,唯取无明的根除这一项作为依断之成就而赞叹世尊的因相,而不[取]那殊胜的、无有余剩的断烦恼呢?——[通释:]因为以说那[无明]之断,由于[诸烦恼]与它同一依处,一切杂染之聚的根除便已被照明了。因为并没有那样一种烦恼,是不因无余地断无明而被断的。

或者,正如明是一切善法生起[的主因],无明也是一切不善法生起与轮回转起的主因;故以说它的破除,一切杂染之聚的根除便已被说到了——[故]说「以慧灯破除了痴暗」。

诸人与诸不死者[合称]「人与天(narāmara)」;「与人天俱」故为「含人天(sanarāmara)」;「含人天」而又是世间,故为「含人与天之世间」;是那[世间]的尊重者,故为「含人与天之世间的尊重者」;[礼敬]那位「含人与天之世间的尊重者」。 以此显示:正如对诸天与诸人,世尊对其余众生也随其所应带来殊胜功德,[故]有施恩之性。 而此处不应诘责主与非主之性。因为声的次第是一回事,义的次第是另一回事。因为在这样的复合词中,主者也如非主者那样被举示,如「含王之众(sarājikāya parisāya)」(《律藏·小品》336)。 此处世间固然依众生、诸行、空间而有三种;然而由于所意指的是尊重之性,[而]唯能作尊重者才相应,[故]应依众生世间取义——因为诸福与诸恶及其异熟于其中被见,[故]它被称为「世间」。而此处以取「不死者」,所意指的是生天(upapattideva)[诸天]。

或者,「世间」一语是聚义,[因为]依总集而被见、被了知。「与诸人俱」故为「含人(sanara)」;「含人」而又是诸不死者,故为「含人之诸天」;是他们的世间,故为「含人与天之世间」——应依前法而作配合。 而此处以「不死者」一语,清净天(visuddhideva)也被摄取——因为他们由无有死,依胜义(paramattha)为「不死者」。而唯取人与天,是依最胜之举示,如「天人师(satthā devamanussānaṃ)」(《长部》1.157)。 正因如此:世尊以那先行遣除一切无利益的、专致于无余地施设利益与安乐的、无上的加行成就,又由于对含天与人的众生有毕竟的施恩之性,并具有威力与功德不可限量、无可比拟的殊胜,[故他]是一切众生中的最上者,是无量世界中无量众生的最上恭敬之处。因此说「含人与天之世间的尊重者」。

他的行、[即]行走是善美的,故为「善逝(sugata)」。因为世尊趣近所应调教之人,由必定成办彼等的利益与安乐,[故]是善美的;同样,由于色身为[三十二]相与[八十]随好所庄严,[其]身之行离于急速、迟缓、踬跌、拖曳、按压、蹲踞、迂曲、杂乱等过失,不可讥笑,如王鹅、如牛王、如大象、如兽王[之行];而[其]智之行则具有广大无垢的悲、念、精进等殊胜功德,从发愿直至大菩提皆无可责难——[故]正是善美的。 或者,以自生智(sayambhūñāṇa)依遍知现观而遍知整个世间,[如是]以智正行、[即]正觉了,故为「善逝」;同样,依断现观而断世间之集、令[它]成为不再生起之法,[如是]正行、[即]已越过,故为「善逝」;依作证现观[而行于]世间之灭、[即]涅槃,[如是]正行、[即]已证得,故为「善逝」;依修习现观[而行于]趣向世间之灭的行道,[如是]正行、[即]已行道,故为「善逝」。 此义应依「凡以须陀洹道所断的诸烦恼,他不再回到、不再返回、不再复来于那些烦恼,故为『善逝』」等(《大义释》38;《小义释》27)之法而阐明。 或者,已行、[即]已证得善美之处、[即]正等正觉,或[即]涅槃,故为「善逝」。 或者,由于[他]所说的法是真实的、如实的、有义利的,并且对所应调教者随其所应而合于时的,所以「正说(sammā gadati)」、[即]正言,故为「善逝」——是把 da 音作成 ta 音[而成]。 如是,由善美之行等[义]而为「善逝」;[礼敬]那位「善逝」。

由诸福业与恶业依受生而应趣往,[故为]「诸趣(gatiyo)」,[即]生有的差别;而它们依地狱等而有五种。由于以证得圣道使一切趣有之业成为不应有异熟,[从而]已从那些[趣]退转,[故]世尊善解脱于五趣、已离系;[故阿阇梨]说「已解脱诸趣的」。 以此显示世尊不摄属于任何一趣,由此世尊被称为「天中天(devātideva)」。正因如此说——

「由于它[我]将生为天, 或[生为]空行的乾闼婆;

由于它[我]将趣往夜叉之性, 或来至人之性——

我的那些漏已尽, 已摧毁、已除根。」(《增支部》4.36)

因为那些能转成彼彼趣的业与烦恼,正在菩提树下已以最上道善断,[故]世尊无有摄属于趣之性;[即]世尊毕竟解脱于一切有、生、趣、识住、众生居、众生类;[礼敬]那位「已解脱诸趣的」。 「[我]礼敬(vande)」者:义即我敬礼,或我赞叹。

或者,「已解脱诸趣的」是以无余依涅槃界之证得赞叹世尊。因为此中应知世尊的赞叹有二种行相:依自利之成就与依利他之行道。其中,自利之成就应依证得无障碍智、毕竟断除一切连同习气的烦恼、及证得无余依涅槃而知;利他之行道[则应依]:以不顾利养、恭敬等之心而说出离一切苦之法,纵对相违者也常有利益之意乐,又[待所化者]智成熟之时而来[教化]。 而此中,利他之行道依意乐与加行有二种,自利之成就有三种,[如是]被显示出来。如何[显示]呢?——以「[他]心因悲而清凉」[显示]依意乐的利他之行道;以「正说」义的「善逝」一语[显示]依加行的利他之行道;以「以慧灯破除了痴暗」「已解脱诸趣的」这[二句]与「通达四谛」义的「善逝」一语[显示]三种自利之成就;又以[「善逝」的]其余诸义及「以慧灯破除了痴暗」这[一句],则一切自利之成就与利他之行道都被显示了。

或者,应知世尊的赞叹有三种行相——依因、依果、依施恩。此中,因是大悲,它以第一句显示。果有四种:智成就、断成就、威力成就、色身成就。其中,智成就与断成就以第二句及「通达[四]谛」义的「善逝」一语显示;威力成就[则]以第三句;色身成就以如上所说「身之行善美」义的「善逝」一语[显示]——因为若无[三十二]相与[八十]随好的圆满,便无那[身行之善美]。 施恩,[即]不作隔别、不作外人,以三乘之门[而作]的解脱法之教说;应知它以「正说」义的「善逝」一语显示。

此中,以「[他]心因悲而清凉」显示正等正觉之根本。因为世尊意为大悲所激发,为把众生从轮回的泥沼中救出而作了发愿,次第圆满诸波罗蜜(pāramī),[而后]证得无上正等正觉;故悲是正等正觉之根本。 以「以慧灯破除了痴暗」显示正等正觉。因为以无障碍智为足处的道智,与以道智为足处的无障碍智,[二者]被称为「正等正觉」。 以「正行」义的「善逝」一语显示正等正觉之行道——因为「善逝」一语显示的是那离于退缩与掉举、住立与勤勇、欲乐耽溺与自苦行、常见与断见之执取等二边的、为悲与慧所摄持的中道。 以其余[诸句]显示正等正觉的主与非主之别的目的。因为此中把众生从轮回的大暴流中度脱是主要目的,其余的是非主要的。其中以主要[目的]显示利他之行道,以另一[目的显示]自利之成就;以那二者显示:于「为自利而行道者」等四种人中,世尊是第四种人。又以此显示[世尊]是无上应施者之性、最上应礼敬者之性,以及他对自己的礼敬之业而言是田之所归。

而此中,以取「悲」,由于阐明诸世间[法]中已达大界之性的不共功德,[故]世尊的一切世间功德之成就被显示;以取「慧」,由于阐明以一切知智为足处的道智,[故显示]一切出世间功德之成就——因为由取那二者所成之义,以「含人与天之世间的尊重者」等语而得开演。 又以取「悲」显示无有随杂染的趣近,以取「慧」[显示]远离。 同样,以取「悲」显示世尊随顺世间通称的转起——因为悲以世间言说为境;以取「慧」[显示]不超越通称——因为由不觉了诸法的自性,才有超越通称而执取众生等[之事]。 同样,以取「悲」显示大悲定之住,以取「慧」[显示]于三时无有障碍之智、四谛智、四无碍解智、四无畏智。

由于以取「悲」已取了大悲定智,[故以取「慧」]依其余诸不共智、六神通、于八众中的不动智、十力、十四佛智、十六智行、十八佛法、四十四智事、七十七智事等等众多慧之差别,显示智之行。 同样,以取「悲」[显示]行成就,以取「慧」[显示]明成就。以取「悲」[显示]我增上性,以取「慧」[显示]法增上性。以取「悲」[显示]世间依怙之性,以取「慧」[显示]自依怙之性。同样,以取「悲」[显示]先施恩之性,以取「慧」[显示]知恩。同样,以取「悲」[显示]不苦他之性,以取「慧」[显示]不自苦之性。或者以取「悲」[显示]诸佛所作之法的成就,以取「慧」[显示]佛的境界之成就。同样,以取「悲」[显示]度脱他人,以取「慧」[显示]自度。同样,以取「悲」[显示]于一切众生有摄益之心,以取「慧」[显示]于一切法有离贪之心。

而于一切佛德,悲是初——由于[它们]以它为因缘;慧是终——由于在它之上无有应作。如是,由显示初与终,一切佛德便都被显示了。 同样,以取「悲」,[则]以戒蕴为先行的定蕴被显示。因为戒以悲为因缘——由从它而有离杀生等之转起;而它[悲]又与三禅相应。以「慧」一语[显示]慧蕴。 又戒是一切佛德之初,定在中,慧是终;如是,由显示初、中、后之善美,一切佛德也都被显示了——因为[它们]是依法门而被显示的。因为唯此——即取法门——才是无余显示佛德的方便;否则,有谁能够逐句无余地显示世尊的诸功德呢?正因如此说——

「纵然佛陀说佛陀的称赞;

纵然不说其他而[说]一劫,

劫或在长久之间灭尽;

如来的称赞[却]不会灭尽。」(《长部义注》1.305;3.141;《中部义注》2.425;《自说义注》53;《譬喻义注》2.7.20;《佛种姓义注》4.4;《所行藏义注》3.122〈杂论〉)

正因如此,具寿舍利弗(Sāriputta)长老被就佛德之限定而追问时,也先以「尊者,这不然」而否定,[然后]说「然而,尊者,我了知法的类推(dhammanvaya)」(《长部》2.146)。

Ganthārambhakathāvaṇṇanā
1. Saṃvaṇṇanārambhe ratanattayavandanā saṃvaṇṇetabbassa dhammassa pabhavanissayavisuddhipaṭivedanatthaṃ, taṃ pana dhammasaṃvaṇṇanāsu viññūnaṃ bahumānuppādanatthaṃ, taṃ sammadeva tesaṃ uggahadhāraṇādikkamaladdhabbāya sammāpaṭipattiyā sabbahitasukhanipphādanatthaṃ. Atha vā maṅgalabhāvato, sabbakiriyāsu pubbakiccabhāvato, paṇḍitehi samācaritabhāvato, āyatiṃ paresaṃ diṭṭhānugatiāpajjanato ca saṃvaṇṇanāyaṃ ratanattayapaṇāmakiriyā. Atha vā ratanattayapaṇāmakaraṇaṃ pūjanīyapūjāpuññavisesanibbattanatthaṃ. Taṃ attano yathāladdhasampattinimittakassa kammassa balānuppadānatthaṃ. Antarā ca tassa asaṅkocanatthaṃ. Tadubhayaṃ anantarāyena aṭṭhakathāya parisamāpanatthaṃ. Idameva ca payojanaṃ ācariyena idhādhippetaṃ. Tathā hi vakkhati ‘‘iti me pasannamatino…pe… tassānubhāvenā’’ti. Vatthuttayapūjāhi niratisayapuññakkhettasaṃbuddhiyā aparimeyyapabhāvo puññātisayoti bahuvidhantarāyepi lokasannivāse antarāyanibandhanasakalasaṃkilesaviddhaṃsanāya pahoti. Bhayādiupaddavañca nivāreti. Yathāha –
‘‘Pūjārahe pūjayato. Buddhe yadi va sāvake’’tiādi (dha. pa. 195; apa. 1.10.1), tathā –
‘‘Ye, bhikkhave, buddhe pasannā, agge te pasannā, agge kho pana pasannānaṃ aggo vipāko hotī’’tiādi (itivu. 90, 91),
‘‘Buddhoti kittayantassa, kāye bhavati yā pīti;
Varameva hi sā pīti, kasiṇenapi jambudīpassa.
Dhammoti kittayantassa…pe… kasiṇenapi jambudīpassa;
Saṅghoti kittayantassa…pe… kasiṇenapi jambudīpassā’’ti. (itivu. aṭṭha. 90),
Tathā –
‘‘Yasmiṃ mahānāma samaye ariyasāvako tathāgataṃ anussarati, nevassa tasmiṃ samaye rāgapariyuṭṭhitaṃ cittaṃ hoti, na dosa…pe… na mohapariyuṭṭhitaṃ cittaṃ hotī’’tiādi (a. ni. 6.10; 11.11),
‘‘Araññe rukkhamūle vā…pe…
Bhayaṃ vā chambhitattaṃ vā,
Lomahaṃso na hessatī’’ti ca. (saṃ. ni. 2.249);
Tattha yassa vatthuttayassa vandanaṃ kattukāmo, tassa guṇātisayayogasandassanatthaṃ ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’ntiādinā gāthāttayamāha. Guṇātisayayogena hi vandanārahabhāvo, vandanārahe ca katā vandanā yathādhippetaṃ payojanaṃ sādhetīti. Tattha yassā desanāya saṃvaṇṇanaṃ kattukāmo. Sā na vinayadesanā viya karuṇāppadhānā, nāpi abhidhammadesanā viya paññāppadhānā, atha kho karuṇāpaññāppadhānāti tadubhayappadhānameva tāva sammāsambuddhassa thomanaṃ kātuṃ tammūlakattā sesaratanānaṃ ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha kiratīti karuṇā, paradukkhaṃ vikkhipati apanetīti attho. Atha vā kiṇātīti karuṇā, paradukkhe sati kāruṇikaṃ hiṃsati vibādhatīti attho. Paradukkhe sati sādhūnaṃ kampanaṃ hadayakhedaṃ karotīti vā karuṇā. Atha vā kamiti sukhaṃ, taṃ rundhatīti karuṇā. Esā hi paradukkhāpanayanakāmatālakkhaṇā attasukhanirapekkhatāya kāruṇikānaṃ sukhaṃ rundhati vibandhatīti attho. Karuṇāya sītalaṃ karuṇāsītalaṃ, karuṇāsītalaṃ hadayaṃ assāti karuṇāsītalahadayo, taṃ karuṇāsītalahadayaṃ.
Tattha kiñcāpi paresaṃ hitopasaṃhārasukhādiaparihānicchanasabhāvatāya, byāpādāratīnaṃ ujuvipaccanīkatāya ca parasattasantānagatasantāpavicchedanākārappavattiyā mettāmuditānampi cittasītalabhāvakāraṇatā upalabbhati, tathāpi paradukkhāpanayanākārappavattiyā parūpatāpāsahanarasā avihiṃsābhūtā karuṇāva visesena bhagavato cittassa cittapassaddhi viya sītibhāvanimittanti vuttaṃ ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’nti. Karuṇāmukhena vā mettāmuditānampi hadayasītalabhāvakāraṇatā vuttāti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Atha vā asādhāraṇañāṇavisesanibandhanabhūtā sātisayaṃ niravasesañca sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ viya savisayabyāpitāya mahākaruṇābhāvaṃ upagatā karuṇāva bhagavato atisayena hadayasītalabhāvahetūti āha ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’nti. Atha vā satipi mettāmuditānaṃ sātisaye hadayasītibhāvanibandhanatte sakalabuddhaguṇavisesakāraṇatāya tāsampi kāraṇanti karuṇāva bhagavato ‘‘hadayasītalabhāvakāraṇa’’nti vuttā. Karuṇānidānā hi sabbepi buddhaguṇā. Karuṇānubhāvanibbāpiyamānasaṃsāradukkhasantāpassa hi bhagavato paradukkhāpanayanakāmatāya anekānipi asaṅkhyeyyāni kappānaṃ akilantarūpasseva niravasesabuddhakaradhammasambharaṇaniratassa samadhigatadhammādhipateyyassa ca sannihitesupi sattasaṅkhārasamupanītahadayūpatāpanimittesu na īsakampi cittasītibhāvassa aññathattamahosīti. Etasmiñca atthavikappe tīsupi avatthāsu bhagavato karuṇā saṅgahitāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
Pajānātīti paññā, yathāsabhāvaṃ pakārehi paṭivijjhatīti attho. Paññāva ñeyyāvaraṇappahānato pakārehi dhammasabhāvajotanaṭṭhena pajjototi paññāpajjoto. Savāsanappahānato visesena hataṃ samugghātitaṃ vihataṃ, paññāpajjotena vihataṃ paññāpajjotavihataṃ. Muyhanti tena, sayaṃ vā muyhati, mohanamattameva vā tanti moho, avijjā, sveva visayasabhāvapaṭicchādanato andhakārasarikkhatāya tamo viyāti tamo, paññāpajjotavihato mohatamo etassāti paññāpajjotavihatamohatamo, taṃ paññāpajjotavihatamohatamaṃ. Sabbesampi hi khīṇāsavānaṃ satipi paññāpajjotena avijjandhakārassa vihatabhāve saddhāvimuttehi viya diṭṭhippattānaṃ sāvakehi paccekasambuddhehi ca savāsanappahānena sammāsambuddhānaṃ kilesappahānassa viseso vijjatīti sātisayena avijjāpahānena bhagavantaṃ thomento āha ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti.
Atha vā antarena paropadesaṃ attano santāne accantaṃ avijjandhakāravigamassa nibbattitattā, tathā sabbaññutāya balesu ca vasībhāvassa samadhigatattā, parasantatiyañca dhammadesanātisayānubhāvena sammadeva tassa pavattitattā bhagavāva visesato mohatamavigamena thometabboti āha ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti. Imasmiñca atthavikappe ‘‘paññāpajjoto’’ti padena bhagavato paṭivedhapaññā viya desanāpaññāpi sāmaññaniddesena, ekasesanayena vā saṅgahitāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
Atha vā bhagavato ñāṇassa ñeyyapariyantikattā sakalañeyyadhammasabhāvāvabodhanasamatthena anāvaraṇañāṇasaṅkhātena paññāpajjotena sabbañeyyadhammasabhāvacchādakassa mohandhakārassa vidhamitattā anaññasādhāraṇo bhagavato mohatamavināsoti katvā vuttaṃ ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti. Ettha ca mohatamavidhamanante adhigatattā anāvaraṇañāṇaṃ kāraṇūpacārena sasantāne mohatamavidhamananti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Abhinīhārasampattiyā savāsanappahānameva hi kilesānaṃ ñeyyāvaraṇappahānanti, parasantāne pana mohatamavidhamanassa kāraṇabhāvato anāvaraṇañāṇaṃ ‘‘mohatamavidhamana’’nti vuccatīti.
Kiṃ pana kāraṇaṃ avijjāsamugghātoyeveko pahānasampattivasena bhagavato thomanānimittaṃ gayhati, na pana sātisayaṃ niravasesakilesappahānanti? Tappahānavacaneneva tadekaṭṭhatāya sakalasaṃkilesagaṇasamugghātassa jotitabhāvato. Na hi so tādiso kileso atthi, yo niravasesaavijjāppahānena na pahīyatīti.
Atha vā vijjā viya sakalakusaladhammasamuppattiyā niravasesākusaladhammanibbattiyā saṃsārappavattiyā ca avijjā padhānakāraṇanti tabbighātavacanena sakalasaṃkilesagaṇasamugghāto vuttoyeva hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti.
Narā ca amarā ca narāmarā, saha narāmarehīti sanarāmaro, sanarāmaro ca so loko cāti sanarāmaraloko. Tassa garūti sanarāmaralokagaru, taṃ sanarāmaralokagaruṃ. Etena devamanussānaṃ viya tadavasiṭṭhasattānampi yathārahaṃ guṇavisesāvahatāya bhagavato upakāritaṃ dasseti. Na cettha padhānāppadhānabhāvo codetabbo. Añño hi saddakkamo, añño atthakkamo. Edisesu hi samāsapadesu padhānampi appadhānaṃ viya niddisīyati yathā ‘‘sarājikāya parisāyā’’ti (cūḷava. 336). Kāmañcettha sattasaṅkhārokāsavasena tividho loko, garubhāvassa pana adhippetattā garukaraṇasamatthasseva yujjanato sattalokassa vasena attho gahetabbo. So hi lokīyanti ettha puññapāpāni tabbipāko cāti ‘‘loko’’ti vuccati. Amaraggahaṇena cettha upapattidevā adhippetā.
Atha vā samūhattho lokasaddo samudāyavasena lokīyati paññāpīyatīti. Saha narehīti sanarā, sanarā ca te amarā cāti sanarāmarā, tesaṃ lokoti sanarāmaralokoti purimanayeneva yojetabbaṃ. Amarasaddena cettha visuddhidevāpi saṅgayhanti. Te hi maraṇābhāvato paramatthato amarā. Narāmarānaṃyeva ca gahaṇaṃ ukkaṭṭhaniddesavasena yathā ‘‘satthā devamanussāna’’nti (dī. ni. 1.157). Tathā hi sabbānatthaparihārapubbaṅgamāya niravasesahitasukhavidhānatapparāya niratisayāya payogasampattiyā sadevamanussāya pajāya accantūpakāritāya aparimitanirupamappabhāvaguṇavisesasamaṅgitāya ca sabbasattuttamo bhagavā aparimāṇāsu lokadhātūsu aparimāṇānaṃ sattānaṃ uttamagāravaṭṭhānaṃ. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘sanarāmaralokagaru’’nti.
Sobhanaṃ gataṃ gamanaṃ etassāti sugato. Bhagavato hi veneyyajanupasaṅkamanaṃ ekantena tesaṃ hitasukhanipphādanato sobhanaṃ, tathā lakkhaṇānubyañjanapaṭimaṇḍitarūpakāyatāya dutavilambita-khalitānukaḍḍhana-nippīḷanukkuṭika-kuṭilākulatādi-dosarahita-mavahasita-rājahaṃsa- vasabhavāraṇa-migarājagamanaṃ kāyagamanaṃ ñāṇagamanañca vipulanimmalakaruṇā-sativīriyādi-guṇavisesasahitamabhinīhārato yāva mahābodhiṃ anavajjatāya sobhanamevāti. Atha vā sayambhuñāṇena sakalamapi lokaṃ pariññābhisamayavasena parijānanto ñāṇena sammā gato avagatoti sugato. Tathā lokasamudayaṃ pahānābhisamayavasena pajahanto anuppattidhammataṃ āpādento sammā gato atītoti sugato, lokanirodhaṃ nibbānaṃ sacchikiriyābhisamayavasena sammā gato adhigatoti sugato, lokanirodhagāminiṃ paṭipadaṃ bhāvanābhisamayavasena sammā gato paṭipannoti sugato. ‘‘Sotāpattimaggena ye kilesā pahīnā, te kilese na puneti na pacceti na paccāgacchatīti sugato’’tiādinā (mahāni. 38; cūḷani. 27) nayena ayamattho vibhāvetabbo. Atha vā sundaraṃ ṭhānaṃ sammāsambodhiṃ, nibbānameva vā gato adhigatoti sugato. Yasmā vā bhūtaṃ tacchaṃ atthasaṃhitaṃ veneyyānaṃ yathārahaṃ kālayuttameva ca dhammaṃ bhāsati, tasmā sammā gadati vadatīti sugato da-kārassa ta-kāraṃ katvā. Iti sobhanagamanatādīhi sugato, taṃ sugataṃ.
Puññapāpakammehi upapajjanavasena gantabbato gatiyo, upapattibhavavisesā. Tā pana nirayādivasena pañcavidhā. Tāhi sakalassapi bhavagāmikammassa ariyamaggādhigamena avipākārahabhāvakaraṇena nivattitattā bhagavā pañcahipi gatīhi suṭṭhu mutto visaṃyuttoti āha ‘‘gativimutta’’nti. Etena bhagavato katthacipi gatiyā apariyāpannataṃ dasseti, yato bhagavā ‘‘devātidevo’’ti vuccati. Tenevāha –
‘‘Yena devūpapatyassa, gandhabbo vā vihaṅgamo;
Yakkhattaṃ yena gaccheyyaṃ, manussattañca abbaje;
Te mayhaṃ āsavā khīṇā, viddhastā vinaḷīkatā’’ti. (a. ni. 4.36);
Taṃtaṃgatisaṃvattanakānañhi kammakilesānaṃ aggamaggena bodhimūleyeva suppahīnattā natthi bhagavato gatipariyāpannatāti accantameva bhagavā sabbabhavayonigati-viññāṇaṭṭhiti-sattāvāsa-sattanikāyehi parimutto, taṃ gativimuttaṃ. Vandeti namāmi, thomemīti vā attho.
Atha vā gativimuttanti anupādisesanibbānadhātuppattiyā bhagavantaṃ thometi. Ettha hi dvīhi ākārehi bhagavato thomanā veditabbā attahitasampattito parahitapaṭipattito ca. Tesu attahitasampatti anāvaraṇañāṇādhigamato savāsanānaṃ sabbesaṃ kilesānaṃ accantappahānato anupādisesanibbānappattito ca veditabbā, parahitapaṭipatti lābhasakkārādinirapekkhacittassa sabbadukkhaniyyānikadhammadesanato viruddhesupi niccaṃ hitajjhāsayato ñāṇaparipākakālāgamanato ca. Sā panettha āsayato payogato ca duvidhā parahitapaṭipatti, tividhā ca attahitasampatti pakāsitā hoti. Kathaṃ? ‘‘Karuṇāsītalahadaya’’nti etena āsayato parahitapaṭipatti, sammāgadanatthena sugatasaddena payogato parahitapaṭipatti, ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatamaṃ gativimutta’’nti etehi catusaccapaṭivedhatthena ca sugatasaddena tividhāpi attahitasampatti, avasiṭṭhaṭṭhena tena ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti etena cāpi sabbāpi attahitasampattiparahitapaṭipatti pakāsitā hotīti.
Atha vā tīhi ākārehi bhagavato thomanā veditabbā – hetuto phalato upakārato ca. Tattha hetu mahākaruṇā, sā paṭhamapadena dassitā. Phalaṃ catubbidhaṃ ñāṇasampadā pahānasampadā ānubhāvasampadā rūpakāyasampadā cāti. Tāsu ñāṇapahānasampadā dutiyapadena saccapaṭivedhatthena ca sugatasaddena pakāsitā honti, ānubhāvasampadā pana tatiyapadena, rūpakāyasampadā yathāvuttakāyagamanasobhanatthena sugatasaddena lakkhaṇānubyañjanapāripūriyā vinā tadabhāvato. Upakāro anantaraṃ abāhiraṃ karitvā tividhayānamukhena vimuttidhammadesanā. So sammāgadanatthena sugatasaddena pakāsito hotīti veditabbaṃ.
Tattha ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’nti etena sammāsambodhiyā mūlaṃ dasseti. Mahākaruṇāsañcoditamānaso hi bhagavā saṃsārapaṅkato sattānaṃ samuddharaṇatthaṃ katābhinīhāro anupubbena pāramiyo pūretvā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ adhigatoti karuṇā sammāsambodhiyā mūlaṃ. ‘‘Paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti etena sammāsambodhiṃ dasseti. Anāvaraṇañāṇapadaṭṭhānañhi maggañāṇaṃ, maggañāṇapadaṭṭhānañca anāvaraṇañāṇaṃ ‘‘sammāsambodhī’’ti vuccatīti. Sammāgamanatthena sugatasaddena sammāsambodhiyā paṭipattiṃ dasseti līnuddhaccapatiṭṭhānāyūhanakāmasukhallikattakilamathānuyogasassatucchedābhinivesādi antadvayarahitāya karuṇāpaññāpariggahitāya majjhimāya paṭipattiyā pakāsanato sugatasaddassa. Itarehi sammāsambodhiyā padhānāppadhānabhedaṃ payojanaṃ dasseti. Saṃsāramahoghato sattasantāraṇañhettha padhānaṃ payojanaṃ, tadaññamappadhānaṃ. Tesu padhānena parahitapaṭipattiṃ dasseti, itarena attahitasampattiṃ, tadubhayena attahitāya paṭipannādīsu catūsu puggalesu bhagavato catutthapuggalabhāvaṃ dasseti. Tena ca anuttaradakkhiṇeyyabhāvaṃ uttamavandanīyabhāvaṃ attano ca vandanakiriyāya khettaṅgatabhāvaṃ dasseti.
Ettha ca karuṇāgahaṇena lokiyesu mahaggatabhāvappattāsādhāraṇaguṇadīpanato bhagavato sabbalokiyaguṇasampatti dassitā hoti, paññāgahaṇena sabbaññutaññāṇapadaṭṭhānamaggañāṇadīpanato sabbalokuttaraguṇasampatti. Tadubhayaggahaṇasiddho hi attho ‘‘sanarāmaralokagaru’’ntiādinā vipañcīyatīti. Karuṇāgahaṇena ca upagamanaṃ nirupakkilesaṃ dasseti, paññāgahaṇena apagamanaṃ. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena lokasamaññānurūpaṃ bhagavato pavattiṃ dasseti lokavohāravisayattā karuṇāya, paññāgahaṇena samaññāya anatidhāvanaṃ sabhāvānavabodhena hi dhammānaṃ samaññaṃ atidhāvitvā sattādiparāmasanaṃ hotīti. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena mahākaruṇāsamāpattivihāraṃ dasseti, paññāgahaṇena tīsu kālesu appaṭihatañāṇaṃ catusaccañāṇaṃ catupaṭisambhidāñāṇaṃ catuvesārajjañāṇaṃ.
Karuṇāgahaṇena mahākaruṇāsamāpattiñāṇassa gahitattā sesāsādhāraṇañāṇāni, cha abhiññā, aṭṭhasu parisāsu akampanañāṇāni, dasa balāni, cuddasa buddhañāṇāni, soḷasa ñāṇacariyā, aṭṭhārasa buddhadhammā, catucattālīsa ñāṇavatthūni, sattasattatiñāṇavatthūnīti evamādīnaṃ anekesaṃ paññāpabhedānaṃ vasena ñāṇacāraṃ dasseti. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena caraṇasampattiṃ, paññāgahaṇena vijjāsampattiṃ. Karuṇāgahaṇena attādhipatitā, paññāgahaṇena dhammādhipatitā. Karuṇāgahaṇena lokanāthabhāvo, paññāgahaṇena attanāthabhāvo. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena pubbakāribhāvo, paññāgahaṇena kataññutā. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena aparantapatā, paññāgahaṇena anattantapatā. Karuṇāgahaṇena vā buddhakaradhammasiddhi, paññāgahaṇena buddhabhāvasiddhi. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena paresaṃ tāraṇaṃ, paññāgahaṇena sayaṃ taraṇaṃ. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena sabbasattesu anuggahacittatā, paññāgahaṇena sabbadhammesu virattacittatā dassitā hoti.
Sabbesañca buddhaguṇānaṃ karuṇā ādi tannidānabhāvato, paññā pariyosānaṃ tato uttari karaṇīyābhāvato. Iti ādipariyosānadassanena sabbe buddhaguṇā dassitā honti. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena sīlakkhandhapubbaṅgamo samādhikkhandho dassito hoti. Karuṇānidānañhi sīlaṃ tato pāṇātipātādiviratippavattito, sā ca jhānattayasampayoginīti. Paññāvacanena paññākkhandho. Sīlañca sabbabuddhaguṇānaṃ ādi, samādhi majjhe, paññā pariyosānanti evampi ādimajjhapariyosānakalyāṇadassanena sabbe buddhaguṇā dassitā honti nayato dassitattā. Eso eva hi niravasesato buddhaguṇānaṃ dassanupāyo, yadidaṃ nayaggāhaṇaṃ. Aññathā ko nāma samattho bhagavato guṇe anupadaṃ niravasesato dassetuṃ. Tenevāha –
‘‘Buddhopi buddhassa bhaṇeyya vaṇṇaṃ;
Kappampi ce aññamabhāsamāno.
Khīyetha kappo ciradīghamantare;
Vaṇṇo na khīyetha tathāgatassā’’ti. (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 1.305; 3.141; ma. ni. aṭṭha. 2.425; udā. aṭṭha. 53; apa. aṭṭha. 2.7.20; bu. vaṃ. aṭṭha. 4.4; cariyā. aṭṭha. 3.122 pakiṇṇakakathā);
Teneva ca āyasmatā sāriputtattherenapi buddhaguṇaparicchedanaṃ pati anuyuttena ‘‘no hetaṃ, bhante’’ti paṭikkhipitvā ‘‘apica me, bhante, dhammanvayo vidito’’ti (dī. ni. 2.146) vuttaṃ.
2缅 1.10已对照

二、如是以一切知者的全部功德略赞世尊之后,如今为赞叹正法而说了「佛陀也是」等语。 此中,「佛陀」是作者之举示;「佛的境界」是业之举示;「修习了」「现证了」是前时动作之举示;「凡」是不限定的业之举示;「趣得」是后时动作之举示;「[我]礼敬」是动作之举示;「那」是限定;「法」是礼敬之业的举示;而「离垢的」「无上的」是它的限定语。

此中,「佛陀」一语之义应先依「觉了诸谛故为佛陀,令众生觉悟故为佛陀」等《义释》之法(《大义释》192;《小义释》97)而知。 或者,由于连同习气的无智之睡眠毕竟离去,或由于觉慧已开敷,[故]「已觉(buddhavā)」故为「佛陀」——是依醒觉与开敷之义[而言]。 或者,由于没有任何未被觉了的所知法,[故]不以业之性取某一特定的所知;由于没有说业[语]的意欲,唯依觉了之义而得作者之举示,[故]「已觉」故为「佛陀」——如「受灌顶者不施」[之例]。 而依义,「佛陀」[即]那为诸波罗蜜所熏修的、以自生智连同习气破除摧毁了无余烦恼的、作为大悲与一切知智等不可计量功德之聚的所依的蕴相续。如所说——

「『佛陀』者:那位世尊是自生者(sayambhū)、无阿阇梨者,于先前未曾听闻的诸法中自己现观了诸谛,并于其中证得一切知性与于诸力的自在之性。」(《大义释》192;《小义释》97;《无碍解道》3.161)

「也(api)」一语是于推重;以它阐明对所将说之有德的法的推重——[意谓]「连那位具足如是殊胜功德的世尊也[尚须如此]」。 「佛的境界」者:即正等正觉。「修习了」者:即令生起、并令增长。「现证了」者:即作为现量。「趣得」者:即已达,义即已证得;它与「佛的境界」相关联。「离垢的」者:即垢已离去,义即无过失。「[我]礼敬」者:即我敬礼,或我赞叹。「无上的」者:即无有更上者,义即出世间。「法」者:使如所教导而行道者不堕于恶趣与轮回而执持之,故为「法(dhamma)」。 而此中略义如是——如是具足种种功德之聚的佛陀世尊,修习了那称为圣道的法、又现证了那称为果与涅槃的[法],[从而]证得了无上正等正觉;我敬礼那一法——[它]连对诸佛也是佛的境界之因,离于一切过失与垢,由于没有比自己更上者而为无上——[即]通达正法。应知此处也摄取了教理正法,因为[它]是那[通达正法]的显示者。

或者,由于义注中说了「[他]证得了阿毗达摩法门之海,触察了三藏」,故教理法也可得「现证」与「触察」的说法;应知它[教理法]于此处也确已被说到。 同样,由于说了「修习了、现证了那法」,应知连同那作为诸佛所作之法的诸波罗蜜,前分的增上戒学等也于此处被「法」一语摄取——因为它们也由为垢之对治而「离垢」,由不共他者而「无上」。 正因如此:世尊为使众生出离一切轮转之苦而作了大发愿,[其]意乐以大悲之安住而柔善;以恭敬、无间地修习并现证那些为殊胜之慧所洗涤而无垢的、布施、调伏、律仪等最上之法——[历时]十万[劫]以上的四阿僧祇劫,无有余剩——[从而]于业等证得自在之性,[其]大威力希奇难思,于增上戒与增上心达到了最极的波罗蜜;[如是]于缘之行相以二十四俱胝十万之门运转大金刚智,现观了无上正等正觉。

而此中,以「修习了」是依明成就赞叹法,以「现证了」是依解脱(vimutti)成就[赞叹]。同样,以第一[语]依禅成就,以第二[语]依解脱(vimokkha)成就。或者以第一[语]依定成就,以第二[语]依等至成就。 或者以第一[语]依「于尽之智」之性,以第二[语]依「于不生之智」之性。或者以前[语]依如电之性,以第二[语]依如金刚之性。或者以前[语]依离贪成就,以第二[语]依灭成就。同样,以第一[语]依出离(niyyāna)之性,以第二[语]依出脱(nissaraṇa)之性。或者以第一[语]依因之性,以第二[语]依无为之性。或者以第一[语]依见之性,以第二[语]依离之性。或者以第一[语]依增上之性,以第二[语]依不死之性赞叹法。 或者,以「修习了那法而趣得佛的境界」是依善说之性赞叹法;以「现证了」[则依]现见之性。同样,以前[语]依无时之性,以后[语]依来见之性。或者以前[语]依引导之性,以后[语]依各自应证知之性赞叹法。 以「离垢的」,由阐明无有杂染而显示法的遍净性;以「无上的」,由阐明无有其他更殊胜者而[显示其]广大圆满性。或者以第一[语]显示法的断成就,以第二[语][显示]自性成就。 或者,法的「离垢」之性应就其应被修习[而言]来配合——因为由修习之德,它便是诸过失的根除者;「无上」之性应就其应被现证[而言]来配合——因为由现证之生起,在它之上无有应作,[且]不共他者,故为「无上」。 同样,以「修习了」,连同前分的戒等,有学的戒、定、慧三蕴被显示;以「现证了」,连同无为界,无学的戒、定、慧三蕴被显示。

2. Evaṃ saṅkhepena sakalasabbaññuguṇehi bhagavantaṃ abhitthavitvā idāni saddhammaṃ thometuṃ ‘‘buddhopī’’tiādimāha. Tattha buddhoti kattuniddeso. Buddhabhāvanti kammaniddeso. Bhāvetvā sacchikatvāti ca pubbakālakiriyāniddeso. Yanti aniyamato kammaniddeso. Upagatoti aparakālakiriyāniddeso. Vandeti kiriyāniddeso. Tanti niyamanaṃ. Dhammanti vandanakiriyāya kammaniddeso. Gatamalaṃ anuttaranti ca tabbisesanaṃ.
Tattha buddhasaddassa tāva ‘‘bujjhitā saccānīti buddho, bodhetā pajāyāti buddho’’tiādinā niddesanayena (mahāni. 192; cūḷani. 97) attho veditabbo. Atha vā savāsanāya aññāṇaniddāya accantavigamato, buddhiyā vā vikasitabhāvato buddhavāti buddho jāgaraṇavikasanatthavasena. Atha vā kassacipi ñeyyadhammassa anavabuddhassa abhāvena ñeyyavisesassa kammabhāvena aggahaṇato kammavacanicchāya abhāvena avagamanatthavaseneva kattuniddeso labbhatīti buddhavāti buddho yathā ‘‘dikkhito na dadātī’’ti. Atthato pana pāramitāparibhāvito sayambhuñāṇena saha vāsanāya vihataviddhastaniravasesakileso mahākaruṇāsabbaññutaññāṇādiaparimeyyaguṇagaṇādhāro khandhasantāno buddho. Yathāha –
‘‘Buddhoti yo so bhagavā sayambhū. Anācariyako pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃ saccāni abhisambujjhi, tattha ca sabbaññutaṃ patto balesu ca vasībhāva’’nti (mahāni. 192; cūḷani. 97; paṭi. ma. 3.161).
Api-saddo sambhāvane. Tena ‘‘evaṃ guṇavisesayutto sopi nāma bhagavā’’ti vakkhamānaguṇe dhamme sambhāvanaṃ dīpeti. Buddhabhāvanti sammāsambodhiṃ. Bhāvetvāti uppādetvā vaḍḍhetvā ca. Sacchikatvāti paccakkhaṃ katvā. Upagatoti patto, adhigatoti attho. Etassa ‘‘buddhabhāva’’nti etena sambandho. Gatamalanti vigatamalaṃ, niddosanti attho. Vandeti paṇamāmi, thomemi vā. Anuttaranti uttararahitaṃ, lokuttaranti attho. Dhammanti yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjamāne apāyato ca saṃsārato ca apatamāne katvā dhāretīti dhammo. Ayañhettha saṅkhepattho – evaṃ vividhaguṇagaṇasamannāgato buddhopi bhagavā yaṃ ariyamaggasaṅkhātaṃ dhammaṃ bhāvetvā, phalanibbānasaṅkhātaṃ pana sacchikatvā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ adhigato, tametaṃ buddhānampi buddhabhāvahetubhūtaṃ sabbadosamalarahitaṃ attano uttaritarābhāvena anuttaraṃ paṭivedhasaddhammaṃ namāmīti. Pariyattisaddhammassāpi tappakāsanattā idha saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo.
Atha vā ‘‘abhidhammanayasamuddaṃ adhigacchi, tīṇi piṭakāni sammasī’’ti ca aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttattā pariyattidhammassapi sacchikiriyāsammasanapariyāyo labbhatīti sopi idha vutto evāti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Tathā ‘‘yaṃ dhammaṃ bhāvetvā saccikatvā’’ti ca vuttattā buddhakaradhammabhūtāhi pāramitāhi saha pubbabhāge adhisīlasikkhādayopi idha dhammasaddena saṅgahitāti veditabbaṃ. Tāpi hi malapaṭipakkhatāya gatamalā anaññasādhāraṇatāya anuttarā cāti. Tathā hi sattānaṃ sakalavaṭṭadukkhanissaraṇatthāya katamahābhinīhāro mahākaruṇādhivāsapesalajjhāsayo paññāvisesaparidhotanimmalānaṃ dānadamasaṃyamādīnaṃ uttamadhammānaṃ satasahassādhikāni kappānaṃ cattāri asaṅkhyeyyāni sakkaccaṃ nirantaraṃ niravasesānaṃ bhāvanāpaccakkhakaraṇehi kammādīsu adhigatavasībhāvo acchariyācinteyyamahānubhāvo adhisīlādhicittānaṃ paramukkaṃsapāramippatto bhagavā paccayākāre catuvīsatikoṭisatasahassamukhena mahāvajirañāṇaṃ pesetvā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddhoti.
Ettha ca ‘‘bhāvetvā’’ti etena vijjāsampadāya dhammaṃ thometi, ‘‘sacchikatvā’’ti etena vimuttisampadāya. Tathā paṭhamena jhānasampadāya, dutiyena vimokkhasampadāya. Paṭhamena vā samādhisampadāya, dutiyena samāpattisampadāya. Atha vā paṭhamena khayeñāṇabhāvena, dutiyena anuppādeñāṇabhāvena. Purimena vā vijjūpamatāya, dutiyena vajirūpamatāya. Purimena vā virāgasampattiyā, dutiyena nirodhasampattiyā. Tathā paṭhamena niyyānabhāvena, dutiyena nisssaraṇabhāvena. Paṭhamena vā hetubhāvena, dutiyena asaṅkhatabhāvena. Paṭhamena vā dassanabhāvena, dutiyena vivekabhāvena. Paṭhamena vā adhipatibhāvena, dutiyena amatabhāvena dhammaṃ thometi. Atha vā ‘‘yaṃ dhammaṃ bhāvetvā buddhabhāvaṃ upagato’’ti etena svākkhātatāya dhammaṃ thometi. ‘‘Sacchikatvā’’ti etena sandiṭṭhikatāya. Tathā purimena akālikatāya, pacchimena ehipassikatāya. Purimena vā opaneyyikatāya, pacchimena paccattaṃ veditabbatāya dhammaṃ thometi. ‘‘Gatamala’’nti iminā saṃkilesābhāvadīpanena dhammassa parisuddhataṃ dasseti, ‘‘anuttara’’nti etena aññassa visiṭṭhassa abhāvadīpanena vipulaparipuṇṇataṃ. Paṭhamena vā pahānasampadaṃ dhammassa dasseti, dutiyena sabhāvasampadaṃ. Bhāvetabbatāya vā dhammassa gatamalabhāvo yojetabbo. Bhāvanāguṇena hi so dosānaṃ samugghātako hotīti. Sacchikātabbabhāvena anuttarabhāvo yojetabbo. Sacchikiriyānibbattito hi taduttarikaraṇīyābhāvato anaññasādhāraṇatāya anuttaroti. Tathā ‘‘bhāvetvā’’ti etena saha pubbabhāgasīlādīhi sekkhā sīlasamādhipaññākkhandhā dassitā honti, ‘‘sacchikatvā’’ti etena saha asaṅkhatāya dhātuyā asekkhā sīlasamādhipaññākkhandhā dassitā hontīti.
3缅 1.13已对照

三、如是以法的一切功德略赞正法之后,如今为赞叹圣僧团而说了「善逝的」等语。 此中,「善逝的」是关联之举示,它与「诸子」相关联。「诸胸生[之子]」是「诸子」的限定语。「破魔军者」是胸生子之性的因之举示;以此显示:[阿阇梨]承认唯断烦恼才是[成为]世尊胸生子之性的因。「八[辈]」是算数限定之举示;以此显示:纵然他们依众生之差别有数千之数,[却]不超越这一算数限定——因为[他们]不超越住道者与住果者之性。「聚」是总集之举示。「圣僧团」是德殊胜之和合体性的举示;以此显示:纵然诸圣人不集于[同一]众中,[其]身之和合[仍]有圣僧团之性——因为[他们]由见与戒的共同而结合。

此中,在胸中有、[即]生、且长养者,为「诸胸生[之子]」。正如众生的胸生子由自己所生,特别地成为父亲所有之遗产的分受者;同样,那些圣人也由于在闻正等正觉者之法的末后以圣生而生,[故]必定成为世尊所有之解脱乐与圣法之宝的分受者——[故]如胸生子而为「诸胸生[之子]」。 或者,那些由世尊说法之威力而正入与已入圣地的圣弟子,由于[其]高贵之生是世尊以胸[之力]、以精勤所生,[故]不依引申义即应被称为「胸生子」。因为纵由诸弟子所转起的说法,也正被称为「世尊的说法」——由于以他为根本,且无有相等的差别。

虽然在诸圣弟子证得圣道之时,天子魔或魔军并不像[对]世尊那样必定为作障碍而来扰逼;然而由于[烦恼这一]应被它们扰逼的因已被破除,那些[魔]也就名为已被破除——[故阿阇梨]说「破魔军者」。 而于此义中,本应说「破魔与魔军者」,[却]说「破魔军者」——应知这是作了「同一部分的余一(ekadesasarūpekaseso)」。 或者,正如蕴魔与行魔,天子魔也在杀害功德上趣得助伴之性;[故]烦恼的军力被称为「军」。如所说「诸欲是你的第一军」等(《经集》438;《大义释》28、68、149)。而那有一千五百种差别、或无量差别的烦恼军,已被他们以念、择法、精进、止等功德之兵器分分地破除、击破、摧毁——[故]为「破魔军者」,[即]诸圣弟子。以此显示他们是世尊的随生子。

依语源之法:由于远离诸烦恼,由于不行于非道,又由于行于道,[故为]「诸圣者(ariyā)」。 或者,由于为含天之世间当作「归依处」而应趣往、应亲近,且已亲近者[之]所求之义得成,[故为]「诸圣者」;是诸圣者的僧团,故为「圣僧团」;或者,是圣的而又是僧团,故为「圣僧团」;[礼敬]那「圣僧团」。 应知:在世尊[灭度]之后分,连佛宝与法宝的证得也依于僧宝;[故]为显示圣僧团有多所助益,才唯在此处说了「我以头礼敬」。

而此中,以「善逝的诸胸生之子」显示圣僧团的出处成就;以「破魔军者」[显示]断成就——由阐明断一切杂染;以「那八[辈]之聚」[显示]智成就——由阐明住道者与住果者之性;以「圣僧团」显示威力成就——由阐明[它]是一切僧团中的最上者。 或者,「善逝的诸胸生之子」是阐明圣僧团的清净所依之性;「破魔军者」是阐明[其]正行道、正直行道、如理行道、正当行道之性;「那八[辈]之聚」是阐明[其]应供养等之性;「圣僧团」是阐明[其]无上福田之性。 同样,以「善逝的诸胸生之子」阐明圣僧团有出世间归依之存在——因为由出世间归依,他们才生为世尊的胸生子。以「破魔军者」显示由发愿成就所成的、前分的正行道——因为已作发愿而正行道者,能战胜魔或魔众。以「那八[辈]之聚」显示那已摧毁对治品的有学与无学之法——因为[此处]是依人为所依而显示道法与果法。「圣僧团」显示[其]最上应施者之性。 而归依是诸弟子一切功德之初,连同前分行道的有学戒蕴等在中,无学戒蕴等是终;如是[以]初、中、后之善美,圣僧团的一切功德便略被显示了。

3. Evaṃ saṅkhepeneva sabbadhammaguṇehi saddhammaṃ abhitthavitvā idāni ariyasaṅghaṃ thometuṃ ‘‘sugatassā’’tiādimāha. Tattha sugatassāti sambandhaniddeso, tassa ‘‘puttāna’’nti etena sambandho. Orasānanti puttavisesanaṃ. Mārasenamathanānanti orasaputtabhāve kāraṇaniddeso. Tena kilesappahānameva bhagavato orasaputtabhāve kāraṇaṃ anujānātīti dasseti. Aṭṭhannanti gaṇanaparicchedaniddeso. Tena satipi tesaṃ sattavisesabhāvena anekasahassasaṅkhābhāve imaṃ gaṇanaparicchedaṃ nātivattantīti dasseti maggaṭṭhaphalaṭṭhabhāvānātivattanato. Samūhanti samudāyaniddeso. Ariyasaṅghanti guṇavisiṭṭhasaṅghāṭabhāvaniddeso. Tena asabhipi ariyapuggalānaṃ kāyasāmaggiyaṃ ariyasaṅghabhāvaṃ dasseti diṭṭhisīlasāmaññena saṃhatabhāvato.
Tattha urasi bhavā jātā saṃvaddhā ca orasā. Yathā hi sattānaṃ orasaputtā attajātatāya pitu santakassa dāyajjassa visesena bhāgino honti, evameva tepi ariyapuggalā sammāsambuddhassa dhammassavanante ariyāya jātiyā jātatāya bhagavato santakassa vimuttisukhassa ariyadhammaratanassa ca ekantabhāginoti orasā viya orasā. Atha vā bhagavato dhammadesanānubhāvena ariyabhūmiṃ okkamamānā okkantā ca ariyasāvakā bhagavato urena vāyāmajanitābhijātitāya nippariyāyena ‘‘orasaputtā’’ti vattabbataṃ arahanti. Sāvakehi pavattiyamānāpi hi dhammadesanā ‘‘bhagavato dhammadesanā’’icceva vuccati taṃmūlikattā lakkhaṇādivisesābhāvato ca.
Yadipi ariyasāvakānaṃ ariyamaggādhigamasamaye bhagavato viya tadantarāya karaṇatthaṃ devaputtamāro, māravāhinī vā na ekantena apasādeti, tehi pana apasādetabbatāya kāraṇe vimathite tepi vimathitā eva nāma hontīti āha – ‘‘mārasenamathanāna’’nti. Imasmiṃ panatthe ‘‘māramārasenamathanāna’’nti vattabbe ‘‘mārasenamathanāna’’nti ekadesasarūpekaseso katoti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Atha vā khandhābhisaṅkhāramārānaṃ viya devaputtamārassapi guṇamāraṇe sahāyabhāvūpagamanato kilesabalakāyo ‘‘senā’’ti vuccati. Yathāha ‘‘kāmā te paṭhamā senā’’tiādi (su. ni. 438; mahāni. 28, 68, 149). Sā ca tehi diyaḍḍhasahassabhedā anantabhedā vā kilesavāhinī satidhammavicayavīriyasamathādiguṇapaharaṇehi odhiso vimathitā vihatā viddhastā cāti mārasenamathanā, ariyasāvakā. Etena tesaṃ bhagavato anujātaputtataṃ dasseti.
Ārakattā kilesehi, anaye na iriyanato, aye ca iriyanato ariyā niruttinayena. Atha vā sadevakena lokena ‘‘saraṇa’’nti araṇīyato upagantabbato upagatānañca tadatthasiddhito ariyā, ariyānaṃ saṅghoti ariyasaṅgho, ariyo ca so saṅgho cāti vā ariyasaṅgho, taṃ ariyasaṅghaṃ. Bhagavato aparabhāge buddhadhammaratanānampi samadhigamo saṅgharatanādhīnoti ariyasaṅghassa bahūpakārataṃ dassetuṃ idheva ‘‘sirasā vande’’ti vuttanti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
Ettha ca ‘‘sugatassa orasānaṃ puttāna’’nti etena ariyasaṅghassa pabhavasampadaṃ dasseti, ‘‘mārasenamathanāna’’nti etena pahānasampadaṃ sakalasaṃkilesappahānadīpanato. ‘‘Aṭṭhannampi samūha’’nti etena ñāṇasampadaṃ maggaṭṭhaphalaṭṭhabhāvadīpanato. ‘‘Ariyasaṅgha’’nti etena pabhāvasampadaṃ dasseti sabbasaṅghānaṃ aggabhāvadīpanato. Atha vā ‘‘sugatassa orasānaṃ puttāna’’nti ariyasaṅghassa visuddhanissayabhāvadīpanaṃ, ‘‘mārasenamathanāna’’nti sammāujuñāyasāmīcippaṭipannabhāvadīpanaṃ, ‘‘aṭṭhannampi samūha’’nti āhuneyyādibhāvadīpanaṃ, ‘‘ariyasaṅgha’’nti anuttarapuññakkhettabhāvadīpanaṃ. Tathā ‘‘sugatassa orasānaṃ puttāna’’nti etena ariyasaṅghassa lokuttarasaraṇagamanasabbhāvaṃ dīpeti. Lokuttarasaraṇagamanena hi te bhagavato orasaputtā jātā. ‘‘Mārasenamathanāna’’nti etena abhinīhārasampadāsiddhaṃ pubbabhāge sammāpaṭipattiṃ dasseti. Katābhinīhārā hi sammāpaṭipannā māraṃ māraparisaṃ vā abhivijinanti. ‘‘Aṭṭhannampi samūha’’nti etena paṭividdhastavipakkhe sekkhāsekkhadhamme dasseti puggalādhiṭṭhānena maggaphaladhammānaṃ pakāsitattā. ‘‘Ariyasaṅgha’’nti aggadakkhiṇeyyabhāvaṃ dasseti. Saraṇagamanañca sāvakānaṃ sabbaguṇānaṃ ādi, sapubbabhāgapaṭipadā sekkhā sīlakkhandhādayo majjhe, asekkhā sīlakkhandhādayo pariyosānanti ādimajjhapariyosānakalyāṇā saṅkhepato sabbe ariyasaṅghaguṇā pakāsitā honti.
4缅 1.15已对照

四、如是以三首偈、依略说一切功德之门作了三宝的敬礼之后,如今为把那敬礼之作回向于如所意指的目的,[阿阇梨]说了「如是,由我」等语。 此中,以能生喜之义为「宝(ratana)」,[即]佛、法、僧。因为以「彼世尊亦即是[阿罗汉]」等[语]忆念他们如实之德者,[心中]生起不少的、作为证得不死之因的喜与欢悦。如所说——

「摩诃男,当圣弟子随念如来之时,他于那时心不为贪所缠缚,不为瞋……乃至……心不为痴所缠缚……乃至……摩诃男,心已正直的圣弟子获得义喜(atthaveda),获得法喜(dhammaveda),获得与法相应的愉悦(pāmojja);已生愉悦者便生起喜。」等(《增支部》6.10;11.11)。

或者,受尊重等之性[即]「宝」义。而这也已说过——

「受尊重、价值大, 无与伦比、难得见;

非下劣众生所受用—— 故称为宝。」(《长部义注》2.33;《相应部义注》3.5.223;《小诵义注》6.3;《经集义注》1.226;《大义释义注》50)

而受尊重之性等是不共他者的,唯于佛等[三宝]才可得。

礼敬本身[即]「由礼敬所成(vandanāmaya)」,如「由布施所成、由持戒所成」(《长部》3.305;《如是语》60)。而此处「礼敬」[即]以身、语、心倾向三宝之德,或[即]赞叹。由生起应尊敬之有与果,[故为]「福(puñña)」;或者,[它]净化自己的相续[故为「福」]。 「障碍善除者」者:即障碍已被善除者。以此显示:由自己净信的成就与三宝田之性的成就,那福便有能力破除那些损害义之显明的灾祸。 「成为」者:[这]是前时动作;它与「我将显明[其]义」相关联。「它的」者:即那由礼敬三宝所成的那份福的。「以威力」者:即以力。

4. Evaṃ gāthāttayena saṅkhepato sakalaguṇasaṃkittanamukhena ratanattayassa paṇāmaṃ katvā idāni taṃnipaccakāraṃ yathādhippete payojane pariṇāmento ‘‘iti me’’tiādimāha. Tattha ratijananaṭṭhena ratanaṃ, buddhadhammasaṅghā. Tesañhi ‘‘itipi so bhagavā’’tiādinā yathābhūtaguṇe āvajjentassa amatādhigamahetubhūtaṃ anappakaṃ pītipāmojjaṃ uppajjati. Yathāha –
‘‘Yasmiṃ mahānāma, samaye ariyasāvako tathāgataṃ anussarati, nevassa tasmiṃ samaye rāgapariyuṭṭhitaṃ cittaṃ hoti, na dosa…pe… na mohapariyuṭṭhitaṃ cittaṃ hoti…pe… ujugatacitto kho mahānāma, ariyasāvako labhati atthavedaṃ, labhati dhammavedaṃ, labhati dhammūpasaṃhitaṃ pāmojjaṃ, pamuditassa pīti jāyatī’’tiādi (a. ni. 6.10; 11.11).
Cittīkatādibhāvo vā ratanaṭṭho. Vuttañhetaṃ –
‘‘Cittīkataṃ mahagghañca, atulaṃ dullabhadassanaṃ;
Anomasattaparibhogaṃ, ratanaṃ tena vuccatī’’ti. (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 2.33; saṃ. ni. aṭṭha. 3.5.223; khu. pā. aṭṭha. 6.3; su. ni. aṭṭha. 1.226; mahāni. aṭṭha. 50);
Cittikatabhāvādayo ca anaññasādhāraṇā buddhādīsu eva labbhantīti.
Vandanāva vandanāmayaṃ yathā ‘‘dānamayaṃ sīlamaya’’nti (dī. ni. 3.305; itivu. 60). Vandanā cettha kāyavācācittehi tiṇṇaṃ ratanānaṃ guṇaninnatā, thomanā vā. Pujjabhavaphalanibbattanato puññaṃ, attano santānaṃ punātīti vā. Suvihatantarāyoti suṭṭhu vihatantarāyo. Etena attano pasādasampattiyā ratanattayassa ca khettabhāvasampattiyā taṃ puññaṃ atthappakāsanassa upaghātakaupaddavānaṃ vihanane samatthanti dasseti. Hutvāti pubbakālakiriyā. Tassa ‘‘atthaṃ pakāsayissāmī’’ti etena sambandho. Tassāti yaṃ ratanattayavandanāmayaṃ puññaṃ, tassa. Ānubhāvenāti balena.
5缅 1.16已对照

五、如是显示了三宝敬礼的目的之后,如今为先依赞其功德而告知他所欲释义的那一教说,[故]说了「以中等篇幅之经所标记的」等语。 此中,「以中等篇幅之经所标记的」者:即以篇幅不过长也不过短的诸经所标记的。因为正如《长部》(dīghāgama)中诸经篇幅长,又如《相应部》《增支部》二部中[诸经]篇幅短,此[阿含]中并非如此;而此中诸经依篇幅为中等。因此说:「『以中等篇幅之经所标记的』者,义即以篇幅不过长也不过短的诸经所标记的。」以此显示:「中(majjhima)」这[名]是它的随义之通称。 [设难:]诸经本身岂不就是阿含吗?那么是以诸经标记谁呢?——[通释:]依胜义这是真的;然而阿含是取诸经而施设的。因为正如于义与文句之总集有「经」这一言说,同样,于诸经之总集[便]有「阿含」这一言说。 「于此[教法]中」者:即于此教法中。自利、他利等将于其中、由它、或从它而来,故为「阿含(āgama)」;由初善等功德之成就而为最上之义,[并]由是彼彼所希求之成就之因,[故]为诸智者所应选取,故为「殊胜(vara)」;是阿含而又是殊胜,故为「殊胜的阿含」。或者,[它]为诸通晓阿含者所许为殊胜,故为「殊胜的阿含」;是中[篇]而又是殊胜的阿含,故为「殊胜的《中部》(majjhimāgamavara)」——[即]那[殊胜的《中部》]的。

诸佛的随觉者[合称]「佛与随佛觉者(buddhānubuddhā)」,[即]随从诸佛对谛的通达而通达了诸谛的最上弟子等诸圣者;「[为他们]所赞述的」[即]依义之释与德之赞而为他们所赞述的。 或者,应配合为「诸佛与诸随觉者[合称]佛与随佛觉者」——因为律、经、阿毗达摩之义,最初正是由正等正觉者依零散教说等而分别的;后来正是那[义],才由结集者们依对彼彼[经]的释义而编入结集。 「能破斥他论的」者:即破斥诸外道之论,义即破除他们的见执。因为这部阿含,于《根本法门经》《一切漏经》等[经]中阐明诸有见执者的见执之过失,于《萨遮迦经》(《中部》1.353)、《优波离经》(《中部》2.56)等[经]中阐明破斥萨遮迦(Saccaka)等人的邪论,[故]特别被赞为「能破斥他论者」。 而这是阿阇梨于诸释义中的常法:于彼彼释义之初,以称说彼彼所应释义之法的殊胜功德而作赞叹。正因如此,在《吉祥悦意》(Sumaṅgalavilāsinī)、《显扬真义》(Sāratthappakāsinī)、《满足希求》(Manorathapūraṇī)以及《法集论义注》(Aṭṭhasālinī)等[义注]中,依次以「[其]功德能引生净信的」「能生智之分别的」「能生诸说法者中之上首的种种辩才的」「那为诸深智所潜入的、常以种种法门而为种种的阿毗达摩的」等语作了赞叹。

5. Evaṃ ratanattayassa nipaccakāre payojanaṃ dassetvā idāni yassā dhammadesanāya atthaṃ saṃvaṇṇetukāmo, tassā tāva guṇābhitthavanavasena upaññāpanatthaṃ ‘‘majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassāti nātidīghanātikhuddakapamāṇehi suttantehi lakkhitassa. Yathā hi dīghāgame dīghapamāṇāni suttāni, yathā ca saṃyuttaṅguttarāgamesu dvīsu khuddakapamāṇāni, na evaṃ idha. Idha pana pamāṇato majjhimāni suttāni. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassāti nātidīghanātikhuddakapamāṇehi suttantehi lakkhitassati attho’’ti. Etena ‘‘majjhimo’’ti ayaṃ imassa atthānugatasamaññāti dasseti. Nanu ca suttāni eva āgamo, kassa pana suttehi aṅkananti? Saccametaṃ paramatthato, suttāni pana upādāya paññatto āgamo. Yatheva hi atthabyañjanasamudāye ‘‘sutta’’nti vohāro, evaṃ suttasamudāye ayaṃ ‘‘āgamo’’ti vohāro. Idhāti imasmiṃ sāsane. Āgamissanti ettha, etena etasmā vā attatthaparatthādayoti āgamo, ādikalyāṇādiguṇasampattiyā uttamaṭṭhena taṃtaṃabhipatthitasamiddhihetutāya paṇḍitehi varitabbato varo, āgamo ca so varo cāti āgamavaro. Āgamasammatehi vā varoti āgamavaro, majjhimo ca so āgamavaro cāti majjhimāgamavaro, tassa.
Buddhānaṃ anubuddhānaṃ buddhānubuddhā, buddhānaṃ saccapaṭivedhaṃ anugamma paṭividdhasaccā aggasāvakādayo ariyā. Tehi atthasaṃvaṇṇanāguṇasaṃvaṇṇanānaṃ vasena saṃvaṇṇitassa. Atha vā buddhā ca anubuddhā ca buddhānubuddhāti yojetabbaṃ. Sammāsambuddheneva hi vinayasuttābhidhammānaṃ pakiṇṇakadesanādivasena yo paṭhamaṃ attho vibhatto, so eva pacchā tassa tassa saṃvaṇṇanāvasena saṅgītikārehi saṅgahaṃ āropitoti. Paravādamathanassāti aññatitthiyānaṃ vādanimmathanassa, tesaṃ diṭṭhigatabhañjanassāti attho. Ayañhi āgamo mūlapariyāyasuttasabbāsavasuttādīsu diṭṭhigatikānaṃ diṭṭhigatadosavibhāvanato saccakasuttaṃ (ma. ni. 1.353) upālisuttādīsu (ma. ni. 2.56) saccakādīnaṃ micchāvādanimmathanadīpanato visesato ‘‘paravādamathano’’ti thomitoti. Saṃvaṇṇanāsu cāyaṃ ācariyassa pakati, yā taṃtaṃsaṃvaṇṇanāsu ādito tassa tassa saṃvaṇṇetabbassa dhammassa visesaguṇakittanena thomanā. Tathā hi sumaṅgalavilāsinīsāratthapakāsinīmanorathapūraṇīsu aṭṭhasālinīādīsu ca yathākkamaṃ ‘‘saddhāvahaguṇassa, ñāṇappabhedajananassa, dhammakathikapuṅgavānaṃ vicittapaṭibhānajananassa, tassa gambhīrañāṇehi ogāḷhassa abhiṇhaso nānānayavicittassa abhidhammassā’’tiādinā thomanā katā.
6已对照

六、由它而义被说,故为「义之说(atthakathā)」;它本身即「义注(aṭṭhakathā)」——是把 ttha 音作成 ṭṭha 音[而成],如「苦的恼害义(dukkhassa pīḷanaṭṭho)」(《无碍解道》1.17;2.8)。「最初」等[句]中,[「最初」即]于第一次结集时。 由于具足六神通之性与最上的心自在之性,又由于于诸禅等有五种自在之存在,[故为]「诸得自在者(vasī)」,[即]大迦叶(Mahākassapa)等诸长老;「五[个]他们之百」[即五百位]。 「那」者:即那部义注。「所结集」者:即在适于显明义之处,以「这是这[句]之义,这是这[句]之义」而结集起来所说的。「后来也被随结集」[即]后来也于第二、第三次结集中由耶舍(Yasa)长老等[所随结集]。 以此显示自己释义的来处之清净。

6. Attho kathīyati etāyāti atthakathā, sā eva aṭṭhakathā ttha-kārassa ṭṭha-kāraṃ katvā yathā ‘‘dukkhassa pīḷanaṭṭho’’ti (paṭi. ma. 1.17; 2.8) āditotiādimhi paṭhamasaṅgītiyaṃ. Chaḷabhiññatāya paramena cittissariyabhāvena samannāgatattā jhānādīsu pañcavidhavasitāsabbhāvato ca vasino, therā mahākassapādayo. Tesaṃ satehi pañcahi. Yāti yā aṭṭhakathā. Saṅgītāti atthaṃ pakāsetuṃ yuttaṭṭhāne ‘‘ayaṃ etassa attho, ayaṃ etassa attho’’ti saṅgahetvā vuttā. Anusaṅgītā ca yasattherādīhi pacchāpi dutiyatatiyasaṅgītīsu. Iminā attano saṃvaṇṇanāya āgamanasuddhiṃ dasseti.
7已对照

七、由取、[即]由捕狮子,[故为]「师子[洲人](sīhaḷa)」,[即]师子童子。应知:由生于那世系,铜鍱洲(Tambapaṇṇidīpa)的诸刹帝利[有「师子」之性];又由是他们的住处,铜鍱洲也有「师子」之性。 「带到了」者:即从阎浮提被带来。「而后」者:即后来。因为在后分,为不与他部派之说相混杂,[故]义注以师子洲语(sīhaḷabhāsā)安立了下来。以此显示:由此根本义注不是一切[人]所共通的,故这一义之显明必定应作。正因如此说「为诸洲住民的利益」。 此中,「诸洲住民的」者:[其]配合[是]:为诸阎浮提住民、或诸师子洲(Sīhaḷadīpa)住民的利益而以师子洲语安立了下来。

7. Sīhassa lānato gahaṇato sīhaḷo, sīhakumāro. Taṃvaṃsajātatāya tambapaṇṇidīpe khattiyānaṃ, tesaṃ nivāsatāya tambapaṇṇidīpassa ca sīhaḷabhāvo veditabbo. Ābhatāti jambudīpato ānītā. Athāti pacchā. Aparabhāge hi nikāyantaraladdhīhi asaṅkaratthaṃ sīhaḷabhāsāya aṭṭhakathā ṭhapitāti. Tena mūlaṭṭhakathā sabbasādhāraṇā na hotīti idaṃ atthappakāsanaṃ ekantena karaṇīyanti dasseti. Tenevāha ‘‘dīpavāsīnamatthāyā’’ti. Tattha dīpavāsīnanti jambudīpavāsīnaṃ, sīhaḷadīpavāsīnaṃ vā atthāya sīhaḷabhāsāya ṭhapitāti yojanā.
8缅 1.17已对照

八、「除去」者:即除去那如外衣一般的师子洲语。「从那」者:即从义注。「我」[一语]是指自己;「悦意之语」[则]是摩揭陀语(māgadhabhāsā)——因为它是自性之语,能令诸智者之意欢悦。正因如此说「契合圣典(tanti)之法则」——义即顺于圣典之趣、随顺圣典语的。「离于过失的」者:即离于非自性之语的他种语言。

8. Apanetvānāti kañcukasadisaṃ sīhaḷabhāsaṃ apanetvā. Tatoti aṭṭhakathāto. Ahanti attānaṃ niddisati, manoramaṃ bhāsanti māgadhabhāsaṃ. Sā hi sabhāvaniruttibhūtā paṇḍitānaṃ manaṃ ramayatīti. Tenevāha ‘‘tantinayānucchavika’’nti, pāḷigatiyā anulomikaṃ pāḷibhāsāyānuvidhāyininti attho. Vigatadosanti asabhāvaniruttibhāsantararahitaṃ.
9已对照

九、「不违背……的宗义」者:即不违逆宗义;以此说无有义之过失——因为正由于不相违,诸长老之说于此处也将被显示。 「长老世系的明灯」者:由于具足坚固的戒蕴等,[故为]「诸长老」,[即]大迦叶等;由他们而来的阿阇梨相承[即]「长老世系」;[他们]摄属于它,由具足阿含与证得,[且]以慧灯令它光耀,[故为]「长老世系的明灯」,[即]住于大寺(Mahāvihāra)者——[即]那些[人]的。 依种种行相而被决定,故为「抉择(vinicchaya)」,[即]于诸结节之处以除障之行相而转起的、能断疑惑的论说;他们的抉择善为精微、细致,故为「抉择极为精微者」。或者,[它]抉择,故为「抉择」,[即]以如上所说之义为境的智;应配合为:他们的抉择善为精微、善巧。 以此显示:住于大寺者的抉择是由大迦叶等长老相承而来的,正由此而不颠倒、细致、微细;[故]它有作为准量之性。

9. Samayaṃ avilomentoti siddhantaṃ avirodhento. Etena atthadosābhāvamāha. Aviruddhattā eva hi theravādāpi idha pakāsīyissanti. Theravaṃsadīpānanti thirehi sīlakkhandhādīhi samannāgatattā therā, mahākassapādayo. Tehi āgatā ācariyaparamparā theravaṃso, tappariyāpannā hutvā āgamādhigamasampannattā paññāpajjotena tassa samujjalanato theravaṃsadīpā, mahāvihāravāsino, tesaṃ. Vividhehi ākārehi nicchīyatīti vinicchayo, gaṇṭhiṭṭhānesu khīlamaddanākārena pavattā vimaticchedanī kathā. Suṭṭhu nipuṇo saṇho vinicchayo etesanti sunipuṇavinicchayā. Atha vā vinicchinotīti vinicchayo, yathāvuttatthavisayaṃ ñāṇaṃ. Suṭṭhu nipuṇo cheko vinicchayo etesanti yojetabbaṃ. Etena mahākassapāditheraparamparābhato, tato eva ca aviparīto saṇho sukhumo mahāvihāravāsīnaṃ vinicchayoti tassa pamāṇabhūtataṃ dasseti.
10已对照

十、「善人的……并(sujanassa ca)」者:「ca」一语是合集义;以它显示「不唯为诸阎浮提住民的利益,而也是为令善人欢喜」。又以它,「也为诸铜鍱洲住民的利益」这一义便得成立——因为由受持等[变得]容易,对他们也多所助益。 「为令[法]久住」者:即为久住之义,义即为长时之住立。因为这一义之显明,由于是不颠倒地善安置句文与善引导义的方便,[故]导致正法的久住。而这是世尊所说的:「诸比丘,此二法导致正法的住立、不忘失、不隐没。何为二?善安置的句文,与善引导的义。」(《增支部》2.20)

10. Sujanassa cāti ca-saddo sampiṇḍanattho. Tena ‘‘na kevalaṃ jambudīpavāsīnameva atthāya, atha kho sādhujanatosanatthañcā’’ti dasseti. Tena ca ‘‘tambapaṇṇidīpavāsīnampi atthāyā’’ti ayamattho siddho hoti uggahaṇādisukaratāya tesampi bahukārattā. Ciraṭṭhitatthanti ciraṭṭhitiatthaṃ, cirakālaṭṭhitiyāti attho. Idañhi atthappakāsanaṃ aviparītapadabyañjanasunikkhepassa atthasunayassa ca upāyabhāvato saddhammassa ciraṭṭhitiyā saṃvattati. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā ‘‘dveme, bhikkhave, dhammā saddhammassa ṭhitiyā asammosāya anantaradhānāya saṃvattanti. Katame dve? Sunnikkhittañca padabyañjanaṃ attho ca sunīto’’ti (a. ni. 2.20).
11缅 1.18已对照

十一、为避免他所欲作的义之释义过于庞大,[故]说了「戒论」等语。正因如此说「在此[义注中]不再多加论究它」。 或者,[阿阇梨]为对诸讲说者作教示——[即]「《清净道论》(Visuddhimagga)应作为他所欲作的那部义注的一部分而被取来」——[故]以「戒论」等语依总说而显示那里所论究的诸法。 此中,「戒论」者:即依作持、止持等[分]对戒的广论。「头陀法(dhutadhamma)」者:即常乞食支等十三种振落烦恼之法。「一切业处」者:即圣典中所来的三十八种、义注中[所来的]二[种],[如是]无余的、瑜伽之业[即]修习的转起之处。「连同性行(cariyā)之分判」者:即连同对贪行者等的自性等之分判。 而「禅与等至的广说」中——「诸禅」[即]四色界禅,「诸等至」[即]四无色等至。或者,八[禅]中唯所已得者为「诸禅」,由证得入定自在之性[者]为「诸等至」。或者,「诸禅」[即]色界与无色界禅,「诸等至」[即]果等至与灭尽等至。

11. Yaṃ atthavaṇṇanaṃ kattukāmo, tassā mahattaṃ pariharituṃ ‘‘sīlakathā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tenevāha ‘‘na taṃ idha vicārayissāmī’’ti. Atha vā yaṃ aṭṭhakathaṃ kattukāmo, tadekadesabhāvena visuddhimaggo gahetabboti kathikānaṃ upadesaṃ karonto tattha vicāritadhamme uddesavasena dasseti ‘‘sīlakathā’’tiādinā. Tattha sīlakathāti cārittavārittādivasena sīlassa vitthārakathā. Dhutadhammāti piṇḍapātikaṅgādayo terasa kilesadhunanakadhammā. Kammaṭṭhānāni sabbānīti pāḷiyaṃ āgatāni aṭṭhatiṃsa, aṭṭhakathāyaṃ dveti niravasesāni yogakammassa bhāvanāya pavattiṭṭhānāni. Cariyāvidhānasahitoti rāgacaritādīnaṃ sabhāvādividhānena sahito. Jhānāni cattāri rūpāvacarajjhānāni, samāpattiyo catasso arūpasamāpattiyo. Aṭṭhapi vā paṭiladdhamattāni jhānāni, samāpajjanavasībhāvappattiyā samāpattiyo. Jhānāni vā rūpārūpāvacarajjhānāni, samāpattiyo phalasamāpattinirodhasamāpattiyo.
12已对照

十二、「一切神通(abhiññā)」[即]有世间与出世间之别的六神通。依《分别论·智分别》等(《分别论》751)中所来之法,以一种等[分类]对慧作合计、总摄而后抉择,[即]「慧的合计与抉择」。

12. Lokiyalokuttarabhedā cha abhiññāyo sabbā abhiññāyo. Ñāṇavibhaṅgādīsu (vibha. 751) āgatanayena ekavidhādinā paññāya saṃkaletvā sampiṇḍetvā nicchayo paññāsaṅkalananicchayo.
13已对照

十三、因等诸缘法对诸缘生法而有因缘等之性,[即]「缘之行相(paccayākāra)」;它的教说[即]「缘之行相的教说」,义即缘起之论。 而它由离于他部派之说的混杂而「极清净」,由密集的分解(ghanavinibbhoga)极难为而「精微」、[即]细致微细;又[它]是连同一性之法门等而于那里被论究的——[故阿阇梨]说「[其]理趣极清净而精微」。 由于是不舍弃《无碍解[道]》等中所来之法而被论究的,[故为]「不离圣典之道」。

13. Paccayadhammānaṃ hetādīnaṃ paccayuppannadhammānaṃ hetupaccayādibhāvo paccayākāro, tassa desanā paccayākāradesanā, paṭiccasamuppādakathāti attho. Sā pana nikāyantaraladdhisaṅkararahitatāya suṭṭhu parisuddhā, ghanavinibbhogassa sudukkaratāya nipuṇā saṇhasukhumā, ekattanayādisahitā ca tattha vicāritāti āha ‘‘suparisuddhanipuṇanayā’’ti. Paṭisambhidādīsu āgatanayaṃ avissajjetvāva vicāritattā avimuttatantimaggā.
14已对照

十四、「然而这一切(itipana sabbaṃ)」者:「iti」一语是于结束,「pana」一语是于语之庄严,义即「这一切」。「在此」者:即于这部义注。意趣[是]:由于会成重复,故「不再多加论究它」。

14. Iti pana sabbanti iti-saddo parisamāpane, pana-saddo vacanālaṅkāre, etaṃ sabbanti attho. Idhāti imissā aṭṭhakathāya. Na taṃ vicārayissāmi punaruttibhāvatoti adhippāyo.
15缅 1.19已对照

十五、如今为决定说出不论究它的确定理由,[阿阇梨]说了「此《清净道论》,正处于……之中央」等语。 此中,以「正处于……之中央」「住[于其中]」[二语],由阐明处中之性而显示:《清净道论》特别是四阿含的共通义注,不像《吉祥悦意》等是不共通的义注。而「特别」这[语]是因《清净道论》对律与阿毗达摩也随其所应正是义之释义[这一点]而说的。

15. Idāni tasseva avicāraṇassa ekantakāraṇaṃ niddhārento ‘‘majjhe visuddhimaggo’’tiādimāha. Tattha ‘‘majjhe ṭhatvā’’ti etena majjhaṭṭhabhāvadīpanena visesato catunnaṃ āgamānaṃ sādhāraṇaṭṭhakathā visuddhimaggo, na sumaṅgalavilāsinīādayo viya asādhāraṇaṭṭhakathāti dasseti. ‘‘Visesato’’ti ca idaṃ vinayābhidhammānampi visuddhimaggo yathārahaṃ atthavaṇṇanā hoti evāti katvā vuttaṃ.
16已对照

十六、「正是这样(icceva)」者:即「iti eva」。「它也」者:即《清净道论》也。「连同这部[义注]」者:即[连同]《妄衍破斥》(Papañcasūdanī)。 而此中,以「[由得自在者马哈玛欣德]带到了师子洲」等语显示作义注的因相;以「为诸洲住民的利益」「为令善人欢喜」「并为令法久住」[显示其]目的;以「我将显明[殊胜的]《中部》之义」[显示其]总义;以「我从那[义注]中除去师子洲语」等语及「戒论」等语[显示]作[义注]的方式——因为不论究戒论等,于此处也正是作[义注]的方式。

〈序论释义〉,终。

16. Iccevāti iti eva. Tampīti visuddhimaggampi. Etāyāti papañcasūdaniyā. Ettha ca ‘‘sīhaḷadīpaṃ ābhatā’’tiādinā aṭṭhakathākaraṇassa nimittaṃ dasseti, ‘‘dīpavāsīnamatthāya, sujanassa ca tuṭṭhatthaṃ, ciraṭṭhitatthañca dhammassā’’ti etena payojanaṃ, ‘‘majjhimāgamavarassa atthaṃ pakāsayissāmī’’ti etena piṇḍatthaṃ, ‘‘apanetvāna tatohaṃ sīhaḷabhāsa’’ntiādinā, ‘‘sīlakathā’’tiādinā ca karaṇappakāraṃ. Sīlakathādīnaṃ avicāraṇampi hi idha karaṇappakāro evāti.
Ganthārambhakathāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
已对照篇首

因缘论释义

Nidānakathāvaṇṇanā
1缅 1.20已对照

一、凡有分类者,其自体的显明唯以显示[其]分类为门而有;所以[义注]为先依五十[经篇]、品、经等显示《中部》(majjhimāgama)的分类,便说了「此中,所谓『中部结集』」等语。此中,「此中(tattha)」者:即在所说的「[我要]显明殊胜的《中部》(majjhimāgamavara)之义」那一句话中。凡依《中部》这一同义语(pariyāya)而被称为「中部结集」者,[义注]便以「所谓『中部结集』」等[语]显示:那[结集]就五十[经篇]等而言是这样的。或者,「此中」[是就]「你们应以这部义注了知中部结集之义」[而言]——此处凡被说为「应了知其义」的那个中部结集,[义注]便显示:那所谓「中部结集」就五十[经篇]等而言是这样的。五个十[经]为一个五十[经篇](paṇṇāsā)。在根本、[即]在最初的五十[经篇],或作为根本的五十[经篇],[即]「根本五十[经篇]」——《根本五十经》(Mūlapaṇṇāsā)。处于中间者[为]「中(majjhimā)」;[它]既是「中」、又是那五十[经篇],[故为]「中分五十[经篇]」——《中分五十经》(Majjhimapaṇṇāsā)。「上(upari)」[即]「在上方(uddhaṃ)」;在上[方]的五十[经篇],[即]「后分五十[经篇]」——《后分五十经》(Uparipaṇṇāsā)。「三个五十[经篇]的合集(paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahā)」者:即三个五十[经篇]的计数。

这所谓「合集」(saṅgaha,亦作「摄」)依同类、同生处、作用、数目而有四种。此中,「毗舍佉贤友,凡正语、正业、正命,这些法被戒蕴所摄」(《中部》1.462)——这是同类摄(jātisaṅgaha)。「毗舍佉贤友,凡正精进、正念、正定,这些法被定蕴所摄」——这是同生处摄(sañjātisaṅgaha)。「毗舍佉贤友,凡正见、正思惟,这些法被慧蕴所摄」——这是作用摄(kiriyāsaṅgaha)。「若眼处归入色蕴的数目,那么,喂,就应当这样说:眼处被色蕴所摄」(《论事》471)——这是数目摄(gaṇanasaṅgaha)。而在这个地方所意指的,正是这一种。因此才说「『三个五十[经篇]的合集』者:即三个五十[经篇]的计数」。

「就品而言(vaggato)」者:即就聚(samūha)而言;而此中那[聚]应依十[经为一组](dasaka)而知。因为在圣教中,「品」这一用语(vohāra)大多是就十[法为一组]而[立]的。[义注]正因此才说「于每一个五十[经篇]各作五品」。「十五品的会合(pannarasavaggasamāyogā)」者:义即十五品的结合。而有些[师]说 samāyoga 一词是总集(samudāya)之义。「就句而言(padato)」——此中所意指为「句(pada)」者,是八字母的偈支(gāthāpāda);所以有[师]说:[义注的]读法本应作「就字母而言,[有]六十万字母与四万四千[字母],[并]超出一百八十四[字母]」[,即六十四万四千一百八十四——八万零五百二十三句,每句八字母,得六十四万四千一百八十四字母]。然而,由于[也]存在九字母乃至十二字母的偈支,所以也就那样的[长]偈而作成「二百五十偈为一诵分」,才说了「就字母而言,[有]七十万字母、四万[字母]与五十三字母」[,共七十四万零五十三]。因为唯有这样,字母之计数才与句之计数、诵分之计数相合,否则[便]不然。而「诵分(bhāṇavāra)」者:即依三十二字母之偈而[算]的二百五十偈[——一偈四句、每句八字母,故一诵分为二百五十偈、一千句、八千字母;八万零五百二十三句即八十诵分(八万句)、半诵分(五百句)与二十三句];又此字母之计数与诵分之计数,应知是随句之计数而得的。正是为了使[人]了知这个义,[义注]才在经之计数之后不计诵分、而先计了句。关于此,这样说道——

「正如《中部》的诸诵分[已]被显示,

又[有]超出二十三句的半诵分——

[则]应显明字母[有]七十万,

[并]四万[字母]与五十三字母。」

「就连贯而言(anusandhito)」者:即就开示的连贯而言。因为在同一部经中,前后诸开示部分的连属,由[前后]随相连属(anusandhāna)之故[而名为]「连贯」。而此中,意乐连贯有二种:自意乐连贯与他意乐连贯。而那[连贯]:有些处是依开示未完成时听法者的发问[而有],有些处是依正在开示的导师、[或]弟子、[或]诸受法者的意乐[而有],有些处是依所应开示之法[而有]——如是略[说]有三种。因此才说「就略[说]而有问连贯、意乐连贯、随顺连贯三种连贯」。而就略[说],连贯也应知[可]有四种。此中,「这样说时,某位比丘对世尊这样说:『尊者,什么是此岸?什么是彼岸?什么是中间的沉没?什么是陆上的搁浅?什么是人所执?什么是非人所执?什么是漩涡所执?什么是内腐之性?』」(《相应部》4.241)——依世尊为这样发问[的诸人]作解答而转起的开示,应知[是]问连贯。「那时,某位比丘心中生起了这样的寻思:『这么说来,尊师,色是无我,受……想……行……识是无我;那么,由无我所作的诸业,将触着哪一个我呢?』于是世尊以心了知那位比丘心中的寻思,便召唤诸比丘:『诸比丘,而这样的情形是有的:此处某个愚痴人无知、已入无明,以渴爱为增上的心,竟以为可以超越导师的教诫[而想]:「这么说来,尊师,色是无我……乃至……将触着[哪一个我]呢?」诸比丘,你们认为怎样:色是常还是无常?』」(《中部》3.90)——依世尊这样了知他人的意乐而转起的开示,应知[是]他意乐连贯。

「婆罗门,那时我这样想:『我何不在那些众所知、特加标定的夜里——即半月的十四日、十五日与第八日——在那样的夜里,住在那些可怖、令[人]身毛竖立的园林塔庙、林塔庙、树塔庙那样的坐卧处中呢?或许我能见到怖骇。』」(《中部》1.49)——依世尊这样[所说],以及「贤友们,此中,贪是恶的,瞋也是恶的。为断除贪、为断除瞋,有能生眼、能生智,导向寂静、证智、正觉、涅槃的中道」(《中部》1.33)——依法将这样唯以自己的意乐而转起的开示,应知[是]自意乐连贯。而在哪些经中,由哪一法而开示于初兴起,后文的开示便依与那法相顺之法、或依[其]对反而来——依那些[经]应知[是]随顺连贯。即:在《希望经》(Ākaṅkheyyasutta,《中部》1.65)中,前面由戒而开示兴起,后面来了[诸]证智。在《布经》(Vatthusutta,即《布喻经》,《中部》1.70)中,前面由烦恼而开示兴起,后面来了诸梵住。在《憍赏弥经》(Kosambakasutta,《中部》1.491)中,前面由斗诤而开示兴起,后面来了诸可念法。在《锯喻[经]》(Kakacūpama,《中部》1.222)中,前面依不忍而开示兴起,后面来了锯喻。

「而此中就广[说]而言(vitthārato panettha)」者:即这样就略[说]而[有]三种、四种的连贯,在此、[即]在这《中部》中,于彼彼经中随其所应就广[说]而分别、[从而]被了知时,[则]成为超出九百的三千个连贯[,即三千九百]。而这五十[经篇]等的分类之语,既是为显示中部结集的自体之相,同样也是为遮除添入(pakkhepa)之过。因为诸五十[经篇]等这样被确立之后,任何人便再无机会把脱出那[分类]之外的任何经、乃至[只是]一句取来,说「这[也]是中部结集的[一分]」了。

如是依五十[经篇]、品、经、诵分、连贯、文(byañjana)[诸门]确立了中部结集之后,如今[义注]欲从起首解说它,为显示自己的解说唯依那[结集]于第一次大结集中所置定的次第而转起,便说了「此中,于诸五十[经篇]中,《根本五十经》为首」等语。此中,把因随缘而在彼彼处被开示、被制立、[从而]散在各处的法与律摄集起来而唱诵、[即]讲说,[名为]「结集(saṅgīti)」;由境广大与应受供养[之故]而为大的结集,[名为]「大结集」;最初的大结集[即]「第一次大结集」;它所转起之时[即]「第一次大结集之时」;[「在第一次大结集时」,即]在那第一次大结集之时。「[它]置下(nidadāti)」,[即]把依说处、说时等[而言]本不可知的开示作成可知而指示出来(nidasseti),故为「因缘(nidāna)」——它正是世间人所称的「引言(upogghāta)」;此处应知这[因缘]即是「如是我闻」等[起首]的那段文(gantha),而不是如「诸比丘,我是有因缘地说法」等[语](《增支部》3.126)中那样[指]意乐等开示生起之因。[义注]正因此才说「以尊者阿难在第一次大结集时所说的『如是我闻』等[语]为首的因缘」。诚然,此中[义注]既欲依那第一次大结集中所置定的次第而作解说,那[结集]本应就广[说]而说;然而由于[作者]自己已在《吉祥悦意》(《长部复注》1〈因缘论释义〉)中详说过了,[故]应就在那里取[之]——[义注]为避免这部解说变得庞大,便说了「而这[第一次大结集]」等语。

〈因缘论〉释义,终。

1. Vibhāgavantānaṃ sabhāvavibhāvanaṃ vibhāgadassanamukheneva hotīti paṭhamaṃ tāva paṇṇāsavaggasuttādivasena majjhimāgamassa vibhāgaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘tattha majjhimasaṅgīti nāmā’’tiādimāha. Tattha tatthāti yaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘majjhimāgamavarassa atthaṃ pakāsayissāmī’’ti, tasmiṃ vacane. Yā majjhimāgamapariyāyena majjhimasaṅgīti vuttā, sā paṇṇāsādito edisāti dasseti ‘‘majjhimasaṅgīti nāmā’’tiādinā. Tatthāti vā ‘‘etāya aṭṭhakathāya vijānātha majjhimasaṅgītiyā attha’’nti ettha yassā majjhimasaṅgītiyā atthaṃ vijānāthāti vuttaṃ, sā majjhimasaṅgīti nāma paṇṇāsādito edisāti dasseti. Pañca dasakā paṇṇāsā, mūle ādimhi paṇṇāsā, mūlabhūtā vā paṇṇāsā mūlapaṇṇāsā. Majjhe bhavā majjhimā, majjhimā ca sā paṇṇāsā cāti majjhimapaṇṇāsā. Upari uddhaṃ paṇṇāsā uparipaṇṇāsā. Paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahāti paṇṇāsattayaparigaṇanā.
Ayaṃ saṅgaho nāma jātisañjātikiriyāgaṇanavasena catubbidho. Tattha ‘‘yā cāvuso visākha, sammāvācā, yo ca sammākammanto, yo ca sammāājīvo, ime dhammā sīlakkhandhe saṅgahitā’’ti (ma. ni. 1.462) ayaṃ jātisaṅgaho. ‘‘Yo cāvuso visākha, sammāvāyāmo. Yā ca sammāsati, yo ca sammāsamādhi, ime dhammā samādhikkhandhe saṅgahitā’’ti ayaṃ sañjātisaṅgaho. ‘‘Yā cāvuso visākha, sammādiṭṭhi, yo ca sammāsaṅkappo, ime dhammā paññākkhandhe saṅgahitā’’ti ayaṃ kiriyāsaṅgaho. ‘‘Hañci cakkhāyatanaṃ rūpakkhandhagaṇanaṃ gacchati, tena vata re vattabbe cakkhāyatanaṃ rūpakkhandhena saṅgahita’’nti (kathā. 471) ayaṃ gaṇanasaṅgaho. Ayameva ca idhādhippeto. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahāti paṇṇāsattayaparigaṇanā’’ti.
Vaggatoti samūhato, so panettha dasakavasena veditabbo. Yebhuyyena hi sāsane dasake vaggavohāro. Tenevāha ‘‘ekekāya paṇṇāsāya pañca pañca vagge katvā’’ti. Pannarasavaggasamāyogāti pannarasavaggasaṃyogāti attho. Keci pana samāyogasaddaṃ samudāyatthaṃ vadanti. Padatoti ettha aṭṭhakkharo gāthāpādo ‘‘pada’’nti adhippeto, tasmā ‘‘akkharato cha akkharasatasahassāni caturāsītuttarasatādhikāni catucattālīsa sahassāni ca akkharānī’’ti pāṭhena bhavitabbanti vadanti. Yasmā pana navakkharo yāva dvādasakkharo ca gāthāpādo saṃvijjati, tasmā tādisānampi gāthānaṃ vasena aḍḍhateyyagāthāsataṃ bhāṇavāro hotīti katvā ‘‘akkharato satta akkharasatasahassāni cattālīsañca sahassāni tepaññāsañca akkharānī’’ti vuttaṃ. Evañhi padabhāṇavāragaṇanāhi akkharagaṇanā saṃsandati, netarathā. Bhāṇavāroti ca dvattiṃsakkharānaṃ gāthānaṃ vasena aḍḍhateyyagāthāsataṃ, ayañca akkharagaṇanā bhāṇavāragaṇanā ca padagaṇanānusārena laddhāti veditabbā. Imameva hi atthaṃ ñāpetuṃ suttagaṇanānantaraṃ bhāṇavāre agaṇetvā padāni gaṇitāni. Tatridaṃ vuccati –
‘‘Bhāṇavārā yathāpi hi, majjhimassa pakāsitā;
Upaḍḍhabhāṇavāro ca, tevīsatipadādhiko.
Satta satasahassāni, akkharānaṃ vibhāvaye;
Cattālīsa sahassāni, tepaññāsañca akkhara’’nti.
Anusandhitoti desanānusandhito. Ekasmiṃ eva hi sutte purimapacchimānaṃ desanābhāgānaṃ sambandho anusandhānato anusandhi. Ettha ca attajjhāsayānusandhi parajjhāsayānusandhīti duvidho ajjhāsayānusandhi. So pana katthaci desanāya vippakatāya dhammaṃ suṇantānaṃ pucchāvasena, katthaci desentassa satthu sāvakassa dhammapaṭiggāhakānañca ajjhāsayavasena, katthaci desetabbassa dhammassa vasena hotīti samāsato tippakāro. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘pucchānusandhiajjhāsayānusandhiyathānusandhivasena saṅkhepato tividho anusandhī’’ti. Saṅkhepeneva ca catubbidho anusandhi veditabbo. Tattha ‘‘evaṃ vutte aññataro bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca ‘kiṃ nu kho, bhante, orimaṃ tīraṃ, kiṃ pārimaṃ tīraṃ, ko majjhe saṃsīdo, ko thale ussādo, ko manussaggāho, ko amanussaggāho, ko āvattaggāho, ko antopūtibhāvo’ti’’ (saṃ. ni. 4.241)? Evaṃ pucchantānaṃ vissajjentena bhagavatā pavattitadesanāvasena pucchānusandhī veditabbo. ‘‘Atha kho aññatarassa bhikkhuno evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi ‘iti kira bho rūpaṃ anattā… vedanā… saññā… saṅkhārā… viññāṇaṃ anattā, anattakatāni kammāni kamattānaṃ phusissantī’ti. Atha kho bhagavā tassa bhikkhuno cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya bhikkhū āmantesi ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ, bhikkhave, vijjati, yaṃ idhekacco moghapuriso avidvā avijjāgato taṇhādhipateyyena cetasā satthusāsanaṃ atidhāvitabbaṃ maññeyya ‘iti kira bho rūpaṃ anattā…pe… phusissantī’ti. Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, rūpaṃ niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā’’ti (ma. ni. 3.90) evaṃ paresaṃ ajjhāsayaṃ viditvā bhagavatā pavattitadesanāvasena parajjhāsayānusandhi veditabbo.
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ brāhmaṇa etadahosi ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ yā tā rattiyo abhiññātā abhilakkhitā cātuddasī pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa, tathārūpāsu rattīsu yāni tāni ārāmacetiyāni vanacetiyāni rukkhacetiyāni bhiṃsanakāni salomahaṃsāni, tathārūpesu senāsanesu vihareyyaṃ appeva nāmāhaṃ bhayabheravaṃ passeyya’nti’’ (ma. ni. 1.49) evaṃ bhagavatā, ‘‘tatrāvuso lobho ca pāpako doso ca pāpako lobhassa ca pahānāya dosassa ca pahānāya atthi majjhimā paṭipadā, cakkhukaraṇī ñāṇakaraṇī upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattatī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.33) evaṃ dhammasenāpatinā ca attano ajjhāsayeneva pavattitadesanāvasena attajjhāsayānusandhi veditabbo. Yena pana dhammena ādimhi desanā uṭṭhitā, tassa anurūpadhammavasena vā paṭipakkhadhammavasena vā yesu suttesu upari desanā āgacchati, tesaṃ vasena yathānusandhi veditabbo. Seyyathidaṃ ākaṅkheyyasutte (ma. ni. 1.65) heṭṭhā sīlena desanā uṭṭhitā, upari abhiññā āgatā. Vatthusutte (ma. ni. 1.70) heṭṭhā kilesena desanā uṭṭhitā, upari brahmavihārā āgatā. Kosambakasutte (ma. ni. 1.491) heṭṭhā bhaṇḍanena desanā uṭṭhitā, upari sāraṇīyadhammā āgatā. Kakacūpame (ma. ni. 1.222) heṭṭhā akkhantiyā vasena desanā uṭṭhitā, upari kakacūpamā āgatāti.
Vitthārato panetthāti evaṃ saṅkhepato tividho catubbidho ca anusandhi ettha etasmiṃ majjhimanikāye tasmiṃ tasmiṃ sutte yathārahaṃ vitthārato vibhajitvā viññāyamānā navasatādhikāni tīṇi anusandhisahassāni honti. Yathā cetaṃ paṇṇāsādivibhāgavacanaṃ majjhimasaṅgītiyā sarūpadassanatthaṃ hoti, evaṃ pakkhepadosapariharaṇatthañca hoti. Evañhi paṇṇāsādīsu vavatthitesu tabbinimuttaṃ kiñci suttaṃ yāva ekaṃ padampi ānetvā imaṃ majjhimasaṅgītiyāti kassaci vattuṃ okāso na siyāti.
Evaṃ paṇṇāsavaggasuttabhāṇavārānusandhibyañjanato majjhimasaṅgītiṃ vavatthapetvā idāni naṃ ādito paṭṭhāya saṃvaṇṇetukāmo attano saṃvaṇṇanāya tassā paṭhamamahāsaṅgītiyaṃ nikkhittānukkameneva pavattabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘tattha paṇṇāsāsu mūlapaṇṇāsā ādī’’tiādimāha. Tattha yathāpaccayaṃ tattha tattha desitattā paññattattā ca vippakiṇṇānaṃ dhammavinayānaṃ saṅgahetvā gāyanaṃ kathanaṃ saṅgīti, mahāvisayattā pūjanīyattā ca mahatī saṅgītīti mahāsaṅgīti, paṭhamā mahāsaṅgīti paṭhamamahāsaṅgīti, tassā pavattitakālo paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikālo, tasmiṃ paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikāle. Nidadāti desanaṃ desakālādivasena aviditaṃ viditaṃ katvā nidassetīti nidānaṃ, yo lokiyehi ‘‘upogghāto’’ti vuccati, svāyamettha ‘‘evaṃ me suta’’ntiādiko gantho veditabbo, na pana ‘‘sanidānāhaṃ, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ desemī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 3.126) viya ajjhāsayādidesanuppattihetu. Tenevāha ‘‘evaṃ me sutantiādikaṃ āyasmatā ānandena paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikāle vuttaṃ nidānamādī’’ti. Kāmañcettha yassaṃ paṭhamamahāsaṅgītiyaṃ nikkhittānukkamena saṃvaṇṇanaṃ kattukāmo, sā vitthārato vattabbā. Sumaṅgalavilāsiniyaṃ (dī. ni. ṭī. 1.nidānakathāvaṇṇanā) pana attanā vitthāritattā tattheva gahetabbāti imissā saṃvaṇṇanāya mahantataṃ pariharanto ‘‘sā panesā’’tiādimāha.
Nidānakathāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
1. Mūlapariyāyavaggo